75 years ago, around December 22 to 23, 1948, around the cold midnight, the seven Japanese war criminals had been convicted of the skeptical rack.These former supreme leaders include the Tonjo Machine Army General. He is the war prime minister in Japan. He was convicted for the atrocities such as Pearl Harbor and the construction of the so -called "death railway".There is also General Matsui Ishigen. He was the commander of the army when the Japanese captured Nanjing. He was convicted because the Japanese did not prevent the Japanese from mass slaughter and rape of the Chinese in Nanjing.
Tonjo British Machinery, Matsui Ishigen and other war criminals were wearing the US Army's work clothes to receive the end of Buddhism. They shouted the slogan when the Japanese army was charging: "Long live the emperor!"The Banmen bang opened, sounding like a shot of the rifle.
The judgment and execution of them wanted to issue an important and clear statement to show global condemnation of Japan's aggression and atrocities in the Second World War.However, to this day, the disputes over East Asian countries have not stopped.
Without considering the so -called "historical problems" left over from the "World War II", it is impossible to understand the most influential area worldwide.Tokyo trial is the most important attempt to rulgarize the "World War II" terrorist experience in Asia, which is equivalent to the Nuremberg trial in Asia, although its popularity is lower than the Nuremberg trial against Nazi German leaders.From 1946 to 1948, the defeated allies conducted a spectacular trial of the Senior Leaders of Tonjo and the senior leaders of 27 other Japanese empires with allegations such as aggression and war crimes.The judges came from 11 allies, including China, India, the Philippines, and Australia.
The international laws used by Nuremberg trials were formulated by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France. Unlike the trial of Nuremberg, the Tokyo trial gave the anti -colonial judges and prosecutors from developing countries quite a lot of power.One of the influential judges was Mei Ruyi of China. Out of the disgust of the British Empire, he laughed in privately that "these imperialist white supremacists" in private.Although the United States wanted to influence trials and regarded Japan in Pearl Harbor's aggression on the United States as the main content of the trial, the Occupy Oeds' Oeds ruler and US General Glas MacArthur quickly lost their patience to the Tokyo Military Court, and handed over the court to submit the court to the court.Give the government of other allies.Prosecutors in China and the Philippines collected a large number of materials related to the atrocities and sexual violence of the Japanese army.
But Tokyo's trial did not solve the dissatisfaction of wartime in various countries. Until today, it still triggers patriotism in East Asian countries.Xi Jinping, the highest leader of China, has always condemned the latter's behavior in the "World War II" while paying an eye -catching dispute with Japanese territory.Whenever a conservative politician in Japan go to the center of Tokyo to worship the Japanese war deceased, as well as the Yasukuni Shrine of the Yasuki -class war criminals of Tonjo, and other 13 -class war criminals, the Chinese people will make a disgusted response to the government.Koreans are full of anger for Japan, which writes peaceism into the Constitution, although Japan is almost unintentionally resurrected by imperialism.Many nationalists in Japan, including many conservative parties who dominate the country, condemned the Tokyo trial as "the justice of the country."The long -term objections written by Parl supported that Tonjo and all other defendants were not guilty.
The reason why Tokyo trial has an important impact is that it is not because of the long -term dream of the world's peace that has not played a role and maintains world peace by international law.Although Japanese leaders apologized for the crime of "World War II" many times, it still has not regretted almost as much as Germany today.International lawyers and human rights activists who praise Nuremberg trials usually regard Tokyo trials as the best embarrassment.It is important for Tokyo trial because it is still controversial.If the Nuremberg trial is carried into the history of the historical book as a metaphor of moral clearly, the Tokyo trial represents one end in the darkness.
There are several reasons for controversy in the existence of the Tokyo trial.Although the Tokyo court is far more international than Nuremberg, it turns out that the judges in Tokyo are unable to unite.In the judgment, there are opposition from the Netherlands, France, and Indian judges, as well as the unanimous opinions of the chief judges from Australia and the Philippine judge.After the verdict was announced, the US Supreme Court first allowed American lawyers to defend the war criminals verbally debate on the legitimacy of Tokyo trial, but later ruled that the US Supreme Court had no jurisdiction over the international court.All these seemingly hesitant decisions from the Alliance weakened the judgment and made many Japanese people want to know whether justice was really stretched.
In addition to legal issues, military needs and international political politics have also weakened Tokyo trial.Worried about the invasion of the US military to cause a large number of casualties that will cause the U.S. military, the Truman government's dedicated negotiation ended the war of the Pacific Battlefield (politicians have demonstrated that the negotiations are almost all war ending).Although this is a cruel arrangement of combustion bombs, blockade, military advancement, and atomic bomb, it is still a negotiation.After Hiroshima and Nagasaki were completely destroyed, the Truman government and Emperor Yuren reached a transaction that was not directly expressed, and he was calmly allowed to be exempted from being overturned or prosecuted as a war criminal.This eventually induced Japan to surrender, and it turns out that the emperor helps to make the occupation under the leadership of the United States have legitimacy.However, Emperor Yuren's long -term position, and the recovery of his conservative elite, will always disturb the debate on post -war on Japanese crimes, so that people may think that Japan has played a patriotic battle. It may still be a legal game.war.
And in the early days of the Cold War, the United States had a 180 -degree turn, and shifted from bombing from combustion to Japan to strengthening Japan's defense.Class war criminals even registered and transformed the Class A war suspects conditionally.The most important of these people may be Kishimosuke. He was a senior official in Manchuria, which was ruled by Japan. When the Pearl Harbor incident occurred, he was a member of the Cabinet of Dongjoji.More than three years.In December 1948, he was released without trial. He later served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in Japan and was the Prime Minister in 1957.He reprimanded Tokyo to judge the justice of the victory, arguing that Japan was forced to fight for self -defense.
The resentment of Kishimo was passed on to the grandchildren of his grandson, Abe, and became the longest prime minister in Japan when he grew up. The first time from 2006 to 2007, the second time from 2012 to 2020EssenceAbe tried to deny that Japan had an official responsibility for the forcing Korean women to be a comfort woman during the "World War II".He said to a committee of the Japanese Parliament that Japan's responsibility is the judgment of the winner.In a visit to India, Abe Jinsan visited the family of Indian judges Parl, a Indian judge Parl who issued opposition in Tokyo judgment.Although Kishimo and Abe's views on the history of "World War II" took decades, these views have now stood steadily.
It is undeniable that there are many justified reasons to criticize Tokyo for trial.The legal proposition of the Tokyo Court — the aggression behavior has been designated as illegal -untenable, although the Nuremberg trial also has this problem.The United States dropped the atomic bomb from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, bombed Tokyo and dozens of other cities with a combustion bomb, and caused a large number of civilian deaths in the battle of Saipan and Okinawa to weaken the moral significance of Tokyo trial.One of the core characters of the drafting judgment is a Soviet villain judge. He is Major General of the Soviet Red Army who follows Moscow's party and government line.Many judges come from a strong colonial country. Asian countries are indignant to these countries, especially for the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands, and they are also dissatisfied with the United States who have a favorable relationship between Hawaii and the Philippines.
Despite this, although there are serious problems in Tokyo trials, politicians in China, the Philippines or the United States cannot ignore the people's requirements for punishing Japanese war criminals.In fact, most of the public in China, the United States and the United Kingdom want to see these war criminals quickly, notFor a long time trial, people like Tojo -Yingji defended the correctness of their war behavior.In addition, for the creation of a peaceful and democratic post -war Japan, the abolition of war criminals and letting them scan the floor is a necessary component of this broader plan.The Tokyo trial has some practical impact on the Japanese people's opposition to their militarist war leaders.After the prosecutor showed evidence about the Nanjing Massacre in court, a major newspaper in Japan published a fierce social editorial, condemning "the crime of Japanese imperialism" and "the brutal committed military group's brutal criminals are indelible.History sin.
If someone wants to hear the sound of Asians, it will find millions of people who think that Tokyo trial is essential.Looking back at 75 years later, the more important side of Tokyo trial is that it missed an important opportunity to face the memory of the Asian war. It is also a worrying prelude to the current situation of Asian chaos. This chaos may lead to a new game.A terrible war.
Gary J. Bass is a professor of politics at Princeton University in International Affairs and a Judgment of Tokyo: the formation of World War II trials and modern Asia) Author of a book.
Translation: Cindy hao
