Huang Bomong: The policy trend of anti -spy against China in the United States

Huang Bomong

During Trump's administration, the Federal Investigation Bureau banned many Chinese scholars who applied for visit to the United States to enter the country.Go to the United States.After Biden came to power last year, the Ministry of Justice decided not to sue five Chinese researchers who have been associated with the PLA.In February this year, the Bayeng government ended the Trump administration's anti -intelligence plan to China, China Initiative, established by the Trump administration.What is the trend of the United States for espionage for the United States for nearly 30 years?This article combines the US think tank report and case research to explore some development contexts.

Non -traditional spy becoming trend

The Trump administration's "China Initiative" is mainly aimed at the academic, scientific and economic and economic spy activities of "Non-TRADITIONAL" in universities, laboratories, and the Institute of Defense.As an actor who illegally transferred the US science and technology, the open identity of non -traditional collectors includes college students, professors, scientists and researchers.The American think tank Cato Institute states that Chinese non -traditional spy activities have constituted an important part of the Chinese spy activity discovered in the United States.Traditional spy collectively collect information about national defense and intelligence agencies, while non -traditional spy collects more information about science and technology, economy and trade, intellectual property rights and business secrets.

From 1990 to 2019, the United States found a total of 1,485 spies in the US government and private organizations to conduct "State Espionage" and "Commercial ESPIONAGE" activities.The former is targeted at the US national secrets, the latter targets the American commercial secrets.890 spies (59.9%) were born abroad, 583 (39.3%) were born in the United States, and 12 (0.8%) were born in the United States.Overseas spies from mainland China, Mexico, Iran, Taiwan and Russia, accounting for 34.7%of all spy.The goal of 83.3%of spy is the US government, 16.3%of the goal is private companies, and spies in hospitals and universities only account for 0.3%.

The Chinese government is not the only country that uses non -traditional spy methods to solve scientific and technological bottlenecks and economic problems.During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and Eastern European satellite countries also narrowed their science and technology and economic gaps with the West through business spy countries.Data from the past 30 years show that 27.1%of all spies found in the United States have participated in national espionage and 72.9%participated in commercial spy activities.After exclusion of the offenders of the US weapon export control law, 41.1%participated in national espionage and 58.9%participated in commercial spy activities.Because many Mexican spy activities involve weapons export control laws, in order to better understand who is a beneficiary country participating in commercial economic espionage and national espionage, there is a need to compare the offenders who need the weapon export control law.

related to the Chinese government's talent policy

Chinese espionage has always been the focus of the US government's attention.Among the top 10 races / ethnic groups that were found in the United States, the Chinese followed the second in the back row, accounting for 15.6%.Among the people who were discovered as a spy for China, 62%were born in China, and 23.6%were born in the United States.

67.8%among Chinese people who serve as spies in China.60%of Chinese espionage are commercial and economic espional activities, and 40%are national espionage.The above data shows that most of the Chinese spies in the United States are Chinese, while most Chinese spy is commercial and economic spies.In other words, the field of Chinese spy in the United States is a place where government departments, universities, enterprises, research institutes, and laboratories can obtain innovative technology, business secrets and intellectual property rights.This trend of non -traditional spy in China is reflected in a recently published scientific and technological intelligence report.

In late September, Strider Technology, a private science and technology intelligence consultant company, with the case of "Alamos National Experiment", which has invented the US National Defense Experiment, proposed how the Chinese government has enhanced the United States through talent policies to improve ChinaMilitary technology.From 1987 to 2021, at least 162 Chinese scientists who had worked at the National Experimental Institute of Alamos returned to China, participating in a number of high -end military research and development plans, including supersonic speed, aircraft engine, deeply penetrating warheads, and deeply penetrated the warheads, and deeply penetrated the warheads.The strategic fields of driverless aircraft, submarine noise recall and national air defense dynamics.15 of them are permanent staff in Alamos Labs, and 13 of them are recruited by the Chinese government's talent plan.Many of them were responsible for sponsoring visiting scholars and post -doctoral researchers from China. They worked at the Alamos National Experimental Institute.Safety verification of "highest confidential information and national security information".

The Chinese government launched a policy in the 1980s to encourage young Chinese talents to study and work overseas overseas. Whether they finally return home or not, they will benefit China.Xi Jinping's government also adopted the "Talent Strategy Strategy" to encourage scholars, researchers and scientists to study overseas and serve Chinese strategic interests.Under this background, the US government funding research plan conducted by the Alamos National Experiment has also helped the rapid development of Chinese military technology.

In the past few decades, the Chinese government has passed the "Hundred Talents Plan" in the 1990s and the "Yangtze River Scholars Award Plan", the "Thousand Talents Plan" in the 2010s, and the "High -end Foreign Expert Introduction Plan" in 2019., Provincial and municipal and college levels recruit high -end overseas talents at the level.At the same time, the Chinese government allows domestic talents to go overseas for postdoctoral training through the "National Public School Joint Training PhD Program".At least 10 post -doctoral researchers were sent by the plan. In the Alamos National Experiment, the Chinese government contract asked them to return to work after training.The report pointed out that the Chinese government's intelligence department's National Security Department's close relationship with domestic universities reviewed the resumes of the researchers abroad.Although this group of visiting scholars and postdoctoral researchers from China cannot come into contact with the most sensitive research in the Alamos National Experiment, there are obvious risk of illegal technology transfer and economic spy.

Strider Technologies Report did not accuse anyone involved in spy activities, but some commented that the "Chinese initiative" of the Trump administration's judicial department only investigated non -traditional spy activities from a criminal perspective, ignoring personal care and pursuit of individuals.The achievement of interests is the true aspect of China's non -traditional spy activity.It has been reported that both the United States and Western universities have anti -traditional spy's security warnings, and I am afraid that it interferes with academic freedom and normal international scientific research cooperation and exchanges.

Although I think the United States and the Western governments cannot force universities to cooperate with the government, they still need to communicate with the university to promote scientific researchism that meets national security laws and norms, so that international talents can legally pursue their personal career in the West andInterests can ensure national security and promote international cooperation at the same time.

In general, there have been two major developments in the policy trend of American anti -spy in China in the past 30 years: 1. Chinese spies are mainly non -traditional spies supported by Chinese and Chinese countries; 2. High -end talents promoted with the Chinese governmentPlan to cooperate.

The author is the University of Bath, England

Associate Professor of Political, Language and International Studies

IIt is believed that although the United States and the Western governments cannot force universities to cooperate with the government, they still need to communicate with universities to promote scientific researchism that meets national security and legal norms, so that international talents can legally pursue their personal career success and interests in the West, so that they can protectNational security also promotes international cooperation at the same time.