Horizontal World
At the end of August, the border between China and India reappeared again.In the first half of this year, there was a bleeding conflict in the China -India border. Some media reported that this was the worst conflict since 1962, causing high attention.On the whole, the leadership and government of both China and India show the restraint attitude and cold treatment of the incident.
In early July, the Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi and the Indian national security adviser Dorwal talked to the phone to reaching a positive consensus to ease the border between the two countries; in early September, the Chinese Defense Minister Wei Feng and Indian Defense Minister Rayenat Star will talk in Moscow.This shows that the two sides have the willingness to control the problem.
The author believes that on the one hand, both China -India's two emerging developments are facing a period of strategic opportunities and further developing their strategic demand for maintaining stable surroundings; but on the other hand, in the context of the rise of the two neighboring countries at the same time, ChinaIndia must also face up to the traditional thinking that maintains the status quo after the Cold War, and must face the uncertain reality of the future of bilateral relations with bilateral relations. It must give play to new thinking that actively explores innovative innovation.
Sino -Indian territorial issue after the Cold War
In the 1950s, as a new and independent national country, China and India had supported cooperation in promoting new international relations in Asian countries. High -level exchanges were quite frequent, and they jointly proposed the five principles of peaceful coexistence.However, in the second half of the 1950s, due to territorial and Tibetan problems, especially the Sino -Indian war in the early 1960s, there was almost no exchanges for nearly 30 years after the two countries.In the context of the high tension of the Cold War, China, the Soviet Union, and China and the United States still maintained some communication and exchanges; in contrast, India can be said to be the least large country in China in the Cold War.
As far as the development of China and India, after the border conflict in 1962, both sides transferred to the strategic period of retreating countries and self -isolated.As far as China is concerned, the situation of the Cultural Revolution and the same enemy as the United States and the Soviet Union has severely hindered China's national economic development.In the later period of the Cultural Revolution, China began to adjust foreign policies and opened the road of normalization of Sino -US relations.
At the end of the 1970s, China boldly ended the policy of retreating countries and started the process of reform and opening up. In 1982, it further adjusted foreign policies and used economic development as the first priority.The main tasks of foreign relations have become a peaceful external environment for national development.Such adjustments have made China a lot of achievements in economic development.
Similarly, India pursues non -alliance policies in the Cold War, adopts self -isolation in diplomacy, and adopts a closed policy in the economy, so that India's national economy has reached the edge of collapse at the end of the Cold War.Whether it is the pressure of domestic development or the external pressure of major changes in the international structure, India realizes that it must adapt to the urgency of changes in the situation at home and abroad.
For China, the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States is actually a prerequisite for China ’s overall awareness of the external environment and providing indispensable knowledge reconstruction from war to peace.The normalization of Sino -US relations and the normalization of Sino -Soviet relations in the subsequent means that China ’s original preparations for foreign preparations and domestic class struggles loses external rationality.
For India, a logical foundation that supports its isolation and closed policies is the threat of China on the territorial issue of China and India. This is reflected in India for a long time.On the point of view.However, in order to adjust its foreign strategies, India must bypass China to cognition.
In the early 1990s, India began to realize that the decouragement of territorial disputes and development with other relationships with China as a breakthrough, as the necessity of reform and opening up in India.At this point, the logic of India's restarting relationship with China has a certain extent with the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States.
From 1992 to 1993, India and China negotiated how to maintain the stability of border areas.In 1993, the then Indian Prime Minister Lao visited China. The two sides signed a agreement on the actual control line of the border to maintain peace and tranquility. This is the first document of China -India to deal with border issues.This document does not solve the problem of territorial disputes between China and India, but it has laid the basic ideological basis on the boundary of the border issues 30 years later, that is, both parties need a stable surrounding environment. Maintaining the status quo is a cognitive basis that both parties can accept.
In June 2003, Indian Prime Minister Vaja Pay officially visited China, and the two sides issued a declaration of the principles and comprehensive cooperation between the relationship between the People's Republic of China and the Indian Republic.This document stipulates that starting from the political situation of the relationship between the two countries, we will explore the framework of solving border issues.
Since 2003, China -India's high -level interaction is no longer limited to bilateral sides. It can be said to have unprecedented new situations in multilateral areas such as the BRICS countries and the 20th National Group.In particular, Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indian Prime Minister Modi's frequent visits in recent years have demonstrated the convergence of Sino -Indian high -level strategic consensus.It should be said that compared with the Sino -Indian relations in the Cold War, Sino -Indian relations can be said to have achieved great achievements.However, on the other hand, the issue of China -India borders seems to have no substantial progress.
The possibility of the joint management border between China and India
China has successfully solved the border problem with more than 10 neighboring countries. Why is it so difficult to China and India?Of course, it is easy to blame each other, but it cannot solve the problem.As the world's only two countries with a population of more than 1 billion, territorial issues are closely linked to national feelings, and the background of self -confidence increased by China and India is also important.However, these difficulties may also be a reason for the inertia of thinking that maintains the status quo.
The problem is that the incident reminds us that the original thinking inertia may not be enough.Especially with the complexity of the internal dynamics brought by the rapid development of the two countries and the complexity of the international environmental dynamics, such as the new situation of competitive factors in Sino -US relations, China and India may need some thinking on territorial issues.New breakthrough.
Thinking innovation requires new consensus after the collision of different angles and new ideas. The author only provides some preliminary thinking for reference criticism.Can Chinese leaders put on shelving disputes on territorial issues and creative thinking developed by joint development, can it be further expanded and innovate in China -India cases?
First, the possibility of thinking expansion from line to face.There are currently three sections of controversial boundaries in China and India, about 2,000 kilometers long, which can be said to be very complicated.From the perspective of determining the boundaries of the boundary line, the difficulty is quite difficult, so that people will have a feeling that I don't know when it is a head.Now that the lines of the two sides are the actual control line, which means that the two sides will have one face between these two lines.
If we change the perspective and look at the problem from the boundary line to the boundary, can we make the mission of the boundary as an innovative thinking to deal with the problems of these boundary interface?
Second, the dispute is settled to jointly manage the feasibility of the border.In 1984, Deng Xiaoping talked about the issue of international disputes that there were many disputes in the world, and there was always a way to solve the problem.I have been thinking for many years, what can I find, and use peaceful methods without war means to solve this problem hellip; hellip;When the stalemate is, conflicts will always erupt, and even force conflicts.Display disputes, joint development can be said to be a major innovative ideas on territorial issues.
First, there are regions with territorial disputes between China and India are all high -cold areas. It is not easy to station and develop, and there is no too much economic interest. It is mainly a political issue.Second, if this area can realize the concept of common border, it will provide a brand new concept and hope for the world.The two ancient civilizations in the world can use their great wisdom to not delineate the boundaries. Instead, they use the boundary between the actual control line as the joint management border, and can consider setting up the facilities for common communication between China and India.
Solving territorial problems is important
Although the political, economic, and social relations in China and India have developed rapidly in recent years, compared with the volume of the two countries and other countries and neighboring countries, the quantity and quality are not high.For example, the number of direct flights traveling to and from China and Japan exceeds 1,000 times per week.In 2002, the direct flights between China and India were opened in 2002, and there are still few. There are only three consulates in China and India. There are six between China and Japan, and five between China and Australia.
In addition, the number of exit tourists in China has exceeded 150 million, and only 300,000 Chinese tourists visiting India have been visited. At present, there are about 10,000 students in China in China, and there are not many international students in India.One of the reasons is that the two parties do not understand, and the territorial issues have not made progress for a long time, which has a great impact on the motivation of trust and communication between the two parties.
On May 1, 1970, Mao Zedong said to India's then Acting in China that India was a great country. The Indian people were great people. China and India always had to be friendly.Fifty years later, both China and India have grown into a pivotal country in the world, and the relationship between the two parties has surpassed the end of the quarrel.As Xi Jinping pointed out during the talks of China and India in October 2019, it is necessary to inject strong endogenous motivation into the development of China -India relations and work together to achieve the great rejuvenation of the two major civilizations in China and India.
Modi responded that the civilization in India is ancient and profound, and the wisdom it contains can provide inspiration to solve the various challenges facing today.As the ancient civilization of the world, China and India should create a new solution through bold and careful verification of territorial issues to provide new Sino -Indian programs and Asian solutions for the world's peaceful and complicated conflicts.
The author is an associate professor at the National Niigata University of Japan
As an ancient civilization in the world, China and India should create new solutions through bold and careful verification of territorial issues to provide new Sino -Indian programs and Asian solutions for the world's peaceful and complicated conflicts.
