Ma Haiyun: The competition of China and the United States in the Indo -Pacific Muslim

Ma Haiyun

With the rise of China, the international relations pattern with Sino -US relations as the core change suddenly.The Sino -US trade war, ideological conflicts, and even military demonstrations not only make the relationship between the two countries drifting away, but also inevitably affect the circle of friends in China and the United States.The 2019 coronary virus disease's outbreak and large -scale global communication in Wuhan undoubtedly worsen the relationship between China and many countries.

Different from the Basic International Relations structure dominated by the United States and the Soviet Union since World War II and the Cold War. With the de -group and regionalization of contemporary state relations, and the batch rise of medium -sized powers, neither China and the United States have not had the willingness and ability of the United States and the Soviet Union.And resources.

The weakening of the Western camp after the Cold War and the disintegration of the Eastern camp, although briefly achieved the United States' single -pole hegemony, but with the development of fragmented international relations, the diffusion of nuclear weapons, the frequent exfoliation of traditional and non -traditional war, the booming regional organizations flourishDevelopment, and high -tech represented by the Internet and artificial intelligence, the prosperity of non -Western countries has made the United States unable to dominate international affairs.

As Sino -US relations convert from competition to hostile, many countries in fact will be forced to face one -choice dilemma.Historically, the relationship between the Muslim world and the United States is mainly affected by geopolitics and domestic politics.

Although the United States, as an emerging country, was exposed to the Muslim world as early as 1786 and signed a peace -friendly treaty with the Kingdom of Morocco, the main Muslim settlement district, whether it is near East, Middle East, North Africa, South Asia, Central Asia, or Southeast Asia, but soonThe colonies of the old European powers and the Russian Empire.The relationship between the Muslim world since the end of the 18th century; the relationship between the Muslim world is basically a small part of the trivial relationship across Atlantic.

Starting from the Western War at the end of the 19th century, the rise of the United States began to extend the tentacles to the Muslim colonies of the European powers.After World War I, World War II, Cold War, especially Palestinian Israel, Suez War, until Egypt and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States not only successfully dismembered the traditional European colonial empire (such as Britain, France, and Lotus), but also crowded outSuper Power Soviet Union's forces in the above areas.

However, the anti -colonial strategy and movement promoted by the United States since the World War I have not pulled the Muslim world into its camp. The main reason is that since the founding of Israel in 1948, and the Jewish Political Group to the United States Middle East policyLobbying abduction.Although the United States spent huge amounts of funds through the form of aid and military aid, its intimidated and seductive Middle East order not only did not achieve peace, but directly caused the United States to be attacked by the Kaidda organization in 2001.

As the Caidida's head of Osama wrote to the United States, the letter that the United States titled us why it was pointed out that the 80 -year -old Palestine was occupied by the problem of hatred.From the Palestinian issue to the September 11th incident, to the cost of $ trillions of Afghanistan and Iraq (even a certain Syrian) war, it not only dragged down the US economy, but also allowed the US -identified competitors to obtain a precious strategic buffer period.Essence

The Pakistani issue has caused decades of losses to the national interests and national strength, and the folding halberd of another superpowers Soviet Union in Afghanistan, which has made the United States deeply recognize the importance of the Muslim world in the context of the competition between the great power.Especially when China and the United States have become new opponents, whether it is the re -balance of the former President Obama's Asia -Pacific or the current President Trump's India strategy, it cannot avoid the relationship with the Muslim world. After all, many neighbors in China are Muslim countries.

The United States is looking for China's Palestinian issue

To this end, Obama has vowed to be friendly to the United States and Islam in Egypt.Although the Trump administration relied on the white people's essence and Christian foundation, in terms of the global strategic interests of the United States, he resolutely supported the Arab NATO construction, Taliban signed a treaty to withdraw Afghanistan, and showed it to Pakistan.The strategy and military resources move to the east of Asia Pacific to deal with China's rise.

At the same time, the United States is also looking for a Palestinian issue in China.For the United States, China has gradually revealed its geographical political value since the 1990s (so -called divisionism, terrorism, and extremism.In particular, China has implemented transformation or study classes in Xinjiang in 2016, allowing the United States to recognize the global strategic value of this issue.

The issue of Xinjiang is essentially the influence of China ’s superpowers in the United States and the Soviet Union, the geopolitical mutation in Central Asia, and the rushing transition internal response to cope with the long -term political confrontation that leads to the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the independence of Central Asia, as well as removing the United Statesmdash; The security and sovereignty anxiety generated by the Taliban military duel.

However, the internal strong response of this long -term period did not have the decision with the dust in Central Asia after the Soviet Union disintegrated, and the United States gradually evacuated Afghanistan and died.Extremeism, from the military and political struggles of national sovereignty caused by geopolitical changes, rose to the large -scale transformation of religion and ethnic groups, involved the United States and Western world, the Turkish world, and Muslim world, making it global human rights, Ethnic and religious events.

The long -termization of Xinjiang issues and the hostility of Sino -US relations have quickly evolved the Xinjiang issue into a Palestinian issue in China.At least since 2016, from European and American media reports to academic research, to politics condemnation, and to legislation in Congress, it is gradual, and it has a profound impact in one go.

Especially at the United Nations Human Rights Conference involving Xinjiang, although there are many countries in the Middle East Arab monarch, and the Central Asian authoritarian government support the Xinjiang policy of China, the response of civil society in the above -mentioned region has become more intense over time.Such as members, people, or non -governmental organizations of members of Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and other countries who have appeared in the Xinjiang policy.

Just as the United States has increased the stick policy through carrots, it has obtained the support of the Arab dictatorship to the Palestinian issue, but it is unable to reverse the public opinion of the Arab world. Although the Xinjiang issue in China has also obtained some Muslim countries (especially China's huge key leading road countries),Support, but the gap between these countries and governments on this issue is not only obvious but also expanded.

As the international relations are fragmented and the competition between China and the United States focuses on the Asia -Pacific, Muslims are mainly medium -sized powers, especially non -Arab countries with high degree of democratization. Even if they cannot choose to stand between China and the United States, they have to care about domestic public opinion.Especially as the neighbors of China, and Indonesia and Malaysia, which are located on the Maritime Silk Road, the helpless abstain on the Xinjiang issue at the UN Human Rights Conference reflects its profound domestic politics, and the disagreement with the external power.The subtle relationship.

For example, the independent investigation of the Xinjiang issue in Malaysia is not simply negating Western allegations, but a suitable expression based on Malaysia's domestic political reality.Indonesia, the world's major Muslim population country, is silent at the UN Human Rights Conference, indicating that this problem is highly sensitive in Indonesia's society and great uncertainty in the future.

In the long run, if the Xinjiang issue continues to ferment, it will seriously affect China's relationship with the Muslim world, including Southeast Asia, and even to some extent less than the impact of the Palestinian issue on the United States.

Especially in Indonesia and Malaysia in Southeast Asia, the Xinjiang issue in China will be with the domestic ethnic group of India, the territory / territorial dispute in the South China Sea region, the strategy of the Sino -US country (that is, the Indo -Pacific strategy and the Belt and Road Initiative) in the region in the regionThe collision, several major powers of the region (such as the United States, Japan, India), and economic and social problems caused by crown diseases, and the huge losses caused by crown disease.These intricate factors are organically combined, which can easily produce political and social resonance, form a policy synergy, and does not even exclude to some extent to wake up the original intention of the establishment of Asia to be established, that is, to prevent a strong country from the northern continent.

The author is an associate professor at the Department of History of Frostburg State University in Maryland State in Maryland. <<" In the long run, if the Xinjiang issue continues to ferment, it will seriously affect the relationship between China and the Muslim world, including Southeast Asia, and even to some extent less than the impact of the Palestinian issue on the United States.