Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has introduced many policy agenda in open policies.These new policy agenda shows that China's open policy has entered version 4.0.After the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the first to introduce the Policies of the Pilot Zone of the Free Trade was established, and 11 free trade pilot zones were established.On this basis, after the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Hainan Free Trade Port Pilot Zone was added.
In recent years, in the case of problems in the internal distribution mechanism and high social differentiation, Europe and the United States have begun to prevail in trade protectionism, economic nationalism, etc., and run counter to globalization, while China has vigorously advocated further globalization.... On many occasions such as the Davos Economic Forum and the Boao Asia Forum, the Chinese government's determination to continue to promote globalization.At the same time, China itself has accelerated its opening.
Although on the surface, some people think that China's recent opening is because of pressure from the United States, but in fact China may actively open up by using the pressure brought by the external environment.Obviously, further opening up is the need for sustainable development of China.The new wave of open policies include the construction of a world -class economic platform in the Guangdong -Hong Kong -Macao Greater Bay Area, modifying foreign investment laws, protection of intellectual property rights, reducing tariffs, etc., which can be said to be comprehensive.
How do China go from version 1.0 of the open policy to today's 4.0 version?To a large extent, since China opened the door by the West in modern times, opening up has been a big trend, whether it is passive open or proactive.Before the reform and opening up, the Mao Zedong era was regarded as a closed policy, but the closed policy at that time had its profound international background, mainly the security threat of the West led by the United States to China.
Although the Chinese leadership at the time could be said to have to implement a closed policy, it would not be allowed to let go of the opportunity to open.Therefore, China has no difficulties and the establishment of diplomatic relations with the United States.Later, during the period of Hua Guofeng, China had begun an open policy, although it was criticized as a leap forward (or an advancement) at the time.To a certain extent, Hua Guofeng's policy actually reflected China's urgent attitude towards openness at that time.
China officially entered the era of reform and opening up today in 1978.Internal reforms, openness to the outside world, putting openness and reform in the same position, the importance of openness can be seen.But opening up was not an easy thing. At that time, China was in the state of poor socialism that Deng Xiaoping said, low level of economic development (shortage economy), and short capital shortage.At the same time, the main goal of reform and opening up is to develop economy and modernization, and these require a peaceful international environment.
Reform after coming in the policy
Under such circumstances, Deng Xiaoping made a major judgment that peace and development are the world's major trend.This judgment is both China's expectations for the world and the goal of China's own efforts.The origin of the development opportunities that China still emphasize to this day is this.
Developing the economy requires capital.Because of the shortage of capital, China has implemented the policy of inviting in, that is, to take the initiative to open its door and let foreign capital enter China.Western capital was still highly skeptical of China at that time. First of all, it was overseas Chinese capital that entered China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau and Singapore.China has a large number of overseas Chinese, which is China's advantage.
Statistics, Western Capital only began to enter China after Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour of the Southern Tour in 1992 and the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China that officially established the concept of socialist market economy.In order to absorb foreign capital, China has established several special coastal economic zones to allow foreign investment to enjoy some privileges.This was considered a radical move at the time and was criticized and attacked by some leftists.But opening up is the general trend, and no criticism can hinder the open policy afterwards.From the 1980s to today, although the criticism of openness has become the norm, opening up itself has also become the normal state of China.
If you come in are the 1.0 version of the open policy, then the integration starting in the 1990s is the 2.0 version of the open policy.In the 1980s, China also spent a lot of efforts to join the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT, the predecessor of the World Trade Organization), but because the internal resistance was too great, it was not successful.The establishment of the concept of the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has injected huge vitality and motivation into China's open policy.In order to join the World Trade Organization, China takes the initiative to implement the integration policy, that is, actively modify the country's laws, regulations and policies to meet the standards of the international community.
China has worked a lot, revised a large number of laws, regulations, and policies, and actively joined the international trading system from the institutional level.The impact of the integration policy on all aspects of China is huge.China basically completed the economic system that matches the socialist market economy in the 1990s, and joined the World Trade Organization through hard negotiations with relevant countries (especially the United States).It is not easy to connect and join the World Trade Organization.At that time, many people in China shouted that the wolf came, and there was a lot of resistance at the ideological level or the actual interest level.However, in line with the WTO, it can be said that China has seized the biggest development opportunity after World War II and changed China's full picture.
After the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union quickly entered the Cold War, and the two camps confronted each other, effectively hindering the global flow of capital.Although the West focused on its internal development, because the Western economy became more and more reflected in the bureaucratic economy, development bottlenecks would have developed in the 1980s.Therefore, in the 1980s, the British Sachel Economic Revolution and the Reagan Economic Revolution occurred on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The nature of the two revolution was the same, that is, capital liberalization on the basis of privatization.The revolution also expanded to almost all Western countries.The effect of privatization in the West is very limited, because the existence of one person and one vote system, it is difficult for politicians to withdraw from the country from the public domain.But Western capital liberalization found room for full exhibition on the international stage.
This is mainly because the disintegration of the Soviet Eastern European Communist camp in the early 1990s, and the large -scale open policy implemented by China after the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China established the socialist market economy in 1992.In other words, China has seized the opportunities that have not encountered for a century.This also makes China one of the main body of this wave of globalization since the 1990s.After this wave of globalization, there are no signs that there are similar opportunities in the foreseeable future.For example, in recent years, India also hopes to follow China to promote domestic development through globalization, but Indians have discovered that international capital has no stamina.Although India is regarded by the Western government and the media as the largest democracy in the world and touted India, Western capital has not entered India in large quantities.
The China that people see today are the products of integration and joining the world trading system in the 1990s.Because of the influx of western capital, China soon became a world manufacturing base, organically combining Western capital, technical elements with Chinese labor and land elements.This has caused several economic miracles, including China has achieved long -term double -digit growth, jumping into the world's second largest economy in a short period of time, the largest trading country, and the largest foreign exchange reserve country.But as far as the open policy is concerned, the most important change is China's transformation from capital shortage economies to capital remaining economies.So from the beginning of this century, China's capital began to go out.
Capital goes out to form the 3.0 version of China's open policy.The history of the world's economic history shows that for a country's sustainable economic development, the approach of capital has the same importance as the capital of capital.Free trade and investment are the essence of economic development, and the key lies in the flow of capital.Although the capitals that go out in China include state -owned capital and private capital, China Capital and other countries have no essential differences, that is, capital always flows to those favorable places.The difference is that when Chinese capital goes out, most of the world's economic space has been occupied by Western Capital. Chinese capital has to go to those places with less good conditions, including those political instability or even war often of war.place.
After the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China's open policy 4.0 began to form.Different from the previous version of the opening, the 4.0 version of the elements of invitation to come in and go global is the systematic combination of the two and the organic combination between the two.As far as going out, it has also been directed in market demand, but it is relatively sporadic and is not systematic.The Belt and Road Initiative formed after the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was systematized based on the past.Belt and more motivation has been more motivated than the past, because it combines China's remaining capital, production capacity and infrastructure construction technology.
Going out about the sustainable development of China's economy
Going out is the inevitable development of China's economic development, but going global is no longer just for its sustainable development, and it also reflects the international responsibility that China needs to bear as the second largest economy.The 2008 World Financial Crisis is the product of the imbalance of the world economy. After the crisis, although countries have made great efforts, the world economy is still unbalanced.Because of its internal problems, it has begun to engage in trade protectionism and economic nationalism, but this does not help the re -balance of the world economy. To balance the world economy, new growth points are needed.
In terms of economic growth, the Western economy is still important, but it does not ignore the growth potential of the majority of developing countries, and many developing countries have been in a state of no development since World War II. What they expect for many years is economic growth.The Belt and Road Initiative is mainly aimed at developing countries, which can largely meet their development needs.
It is clear that most of the along the Belt and Road coasts are developing countries, and many even develop countries.The focus of the Belt and Road Initiative is infrastructure construction, and as the development experience of China itself, infrastructure construction is essential for economic development, infrastructure construction itself is economic development, and it is a prerequisite for economic development in other aspects.
Come in, it is directly related to the sustainable development of China itself. When you walk out, but if you do n’t invite you, it will make the internal economic development unsustainable.Internationally speaking, China's itself is the greatest contribution to the world economy.For many years after joining the World Trade Organization, China has contributed more than 40%to world economic growth.Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, although China's economy has declined, its contribution to the growth of world economic growth has still accounted for 30%.To maintain stable economic growth, please come in.From the free trade pilot zone to the free trade port pilot zone, to the construction of the Guangdong -Hong Kong -Macao Greater Bay Area, it can be said to be reflected in this area.
Of course, there are also content to improve international competitiveness.Today, the competition of high -quality capital and technology in various countries has become fierce.Western trade protectionism and economic nationalism are not to be isolated, but to attract the return of high -quality capital and technology.As far as China is concerned, if the competition between large powers is inevitable, then economic competition is the best competition and will eventually achieve a win -win pattern; military and strategic competition will be the worst competition, often guiding conflict and even war.Therefore, China has no fear of competing with the United States.More importantly, in the current situation of the Sino -US trade conflict, as long as China does not start the door, no country can close China's door, close China or block China.Establishing a world -class economic platform can avoid the western congestion of China while attracting high -quality capital and technology in the West.
As far as China is concerned, the economy is small in the early years, and the investment in several projects can promote economic growth.But as far as the current volume, China is no longer the project economy, but requires a larger economic platform or market.From this perspective, whether it is the Beijing -Tianjin -Hebei, the Yangtze River Economic Belt, or the Guangdong -Hong Kong -Macao Greater Bay Area, it is the content of building a large market economy platform.
Building a world -class economic platform also has the meaning of reshaping the rules of the world.China's choice is to integrate the world system first, and then the rules of unreasonable reforms in the system.This is not to say that China has revised and reforming the current rules for its own interests, but that the current rules need to keep pace with the times.Therefore, when modifying the rules, it is not the Chinese family, but to modify the current rules through multilateralism.In the era of opening 4.0, China has new content in terms of rules.
On the one hand, China supplements existing international regulations through multilateral mechanisms such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the Belt and Road.On the other hand, China expects to explore and deepen the rules of free trade through the construction of large platforms within the country.This is especially reflected in the construction of the Guangdong -Hong Kong -Macao Greater Bay Area.The construction of the European Union not only contributed to the development of the EU, but also contributed to the construction of the world's free trade system.Exploration of the free trade system.Once successful, it will also contribute to the world trade system.
(The author is the director of the East Asia Research Institute of the National University of Singapore)
The article only represents personal point of view
