Zheng Zhigang: Zhai Tianlin's degree gate has once again stimulated the enthusiasm of the public's enthusiasm for the phenomenon of high degree behind the Chinese people. Among them, there are not only cultural factors, but also the root causes of the realistic system.

The actor Zhai Tianlin's degree door incident once again inspired the public and the media's enthusiasm for the inquiry behind the phenomenon of high degree behind the phenomenon of high degree.It should be said that in China, it is keen to obtain a doctoral titles that may be related to their current occupations but not too much.Actor Zhai Tianlin is just one of the many enthusiasts who accidentally exposed.

The original intention of the establishment of a doctoral project is to train scientific research and teaching talents for universities and research institutions, while post -doctoral post -doctoral research systems for future research (e.g., waiting for the release of research results during the doctoral period)EssenceDoctoral is already the highest degree in international academic education, and does not seem to be a postdoctoral title that seems to be higher than Dr. Dr. in the eyes of Chinese people.

In some mature market economies in the West, those who receive job education often need to raise tuition and living expenses through work, and do not form a stable career development expectation.Most of the selected majors are concentrated in the imported business administration (MBA) and various engineering categories.These young people often take their professional skills and expand social networks as the main purpose. They hope to accumulate the skills and qualities of new career development in the future by working on work.Therefore, some enthusiasts represented by Zhai Tianlin have become famous on the one hand, but on the other hand, they have occupied very scarce higher educational resources. The phenomenon of on -the -job learning will be very rare in the history of higher education in various countries.

So why are Zhai Tianlin so enthusiastic about pursuing a high degree?

Analysis of the deep -seated reasons behind this phenomenon, we can't help but find that not only have deep cultural factors, but also the root cause of the real system.

First of all, the emergence of this phenomenon is related to the long -term worship culture of scholars formed by traditional Chinese society.In the traditional Chinese society, once the people of the people are the head of Qi people, the people of the villagers, even if they are not officials, are not only the same as officials, their special names, ornaments, top wearing, and clothing are different from the people of the people, and the local officials will adhere to the local officials and officials.For politics, he does not offend the room of the giant, pays the way, and connects with courtesy.The status of the scholar needs to be obtained by obtaining the fame, schooling, learning title and official position.

Although Chinese education based on the wisdom of the ancients, the missionary Ming Enyu more than a hundred years ago, did not provide countermeasures for moral corruption, and they were too messy.Moral Proverbs, autobiography fragments, minimal political and economic knots, historical fragments, etiquette rules, and a large number of other various themes are mixed with no plan, irregularity, and progressive (see Ming Enyu, China's countrysideLife), but every dream of becoming a scholar must be diligent in seeking the scene.

Secondly, this is related to the system design of the ruler of the feudal social society that deliberately maintains the differentiation of the class.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the minimum level of scholars was called a member of the students.The reason why it is called a member is because the amount of students admitted by each state and counties is fixed.Zhang Zhongli quoted relevant materials that the central government used this competition as a means to control the gentleman (doctor).He balanced between the gentleman's internal group so that they can be in their hands, the so -called Er Tao kills three scholars.Above the students, there are even more people and Jinshi.

A typical example of the introduction of competition within the Scholars' Group is that a balanced example is that the scholars of the scholarly doctors through the imperial examination test are the same scholars who have won the same way through the donation.Zhang Zhongli commented on this that lsquo; righteousness rsquo; gentleman (scholar) who was born in particular emphasizing this difference, so that the unwilling benefits to protect them in the face of lsquo; strange rsquo; competition.According to Ming En's observation, the scholar's degree titles make them a frequent visitor to a village wedding or funeral on each village.Various disputes.For those farmers who have never suffered from educational resources and even exposed to education, they have always been blindly respectful of learning, and sometimes reach the point of worship.

Under the above motivation, the study of the original knowledge gradually evolved into an exam to finally get a degree.Faced with the strong attraction of the superiority of the scholars and doctors brought through the social layering of the intentional person, and the increasingly solid social layering, if the readers of the underlying society want the Liyue Dragon Gate, they must pay more effort to change their identity to change their identityEssenceAccording to the conservative estimation of Ming Enyu, less than 3%of reading talents in rural schools may achieve this success.And 97%of other students have to act in accordance with certain conventions, just because this practice is the only way that people understand that they may succeed.

In other words, everyone is fantasizing that they become the lucky 3%. 19 of the 20 students have to wear iron shackles to accompany the lucky 20th student.So that these poor students seem to be thinking every day, and every day he lives without stopping, even if he becomes a gentleman (not one talent), he is not expected.

However, it is sad that countless people, as Ming Enyu pointed out, rarely benefit from their school education at all.After forgetting the original knowledge, it became an authentic lsquo; illiterate rsquo;.

From the above -mentioned cultural traditions and the root causes of the system, it seems that it is not difficult to understand why the actor Zhai Tianlin, who has achieved his success, will read the original intention to cultivate the postdoctoral post -doctoral intention who is engaged in teaching research.

If an actor like Zhai Tianlin still chooses to read the job, it is rare, then in reality, many of them who choose to work in the job study from Chinese governments at all levels.According to the early southern weekend report (December 20, 2013), among 286 current municipal party secretaries in 27 provinces in China, 83%(237/286) officials have master's degree and above.Diploma, but 73%of them (173/237) officials were obtained by on -the -job research.For a long time, officials have been widely criticized by officials due to low entry thresholds, poor learning quality, and scarce occupation of scarce.

In addition to the cultural factors and institutional roots given by Zhang Zhongli and Ming Enyu, the incentive distortions caused by the current government official selection and promotion system under the serious asymmetry of the information are also very important institutional causes.

The selection and promotion system of officials is one of the basic guarantee systems for the normal operation of China's administrative system.Establishing relatively fair and effective official promotion systems are very important to motivate officials to work hard to work, maintain the orderly operation of administrative operations, and promote regional economic development.According to the relevant provisions of the promotion of institutional documents such as party and government leaders 'selection and appointment and appointment of party and government leading cadres, and temporary provisions of party and government leading cadres, such as the promotion of institutional documents, in addition to meeting basic requirements, officials' promotion also encourages the selected officials to be at the level of academic qualifications and the level of academic qualifications and the level of academic qualifications and the levelPersonal qualifications such as professional quality have some advantages.

For example, the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which was released in 2000, requirements in the work of further training and selection of outstanding young cadres: It is necessary to gradually improve the requirements for scientific and cultural knowledge.The party and government leadership positions of the municipal (prefecture), county (city) level should generally have a college degree or above. Among themEducation; have a wide knowledge, and have professional knowledge and management knowledge that is compatible with the responsibilities of the job; good at learning and constantly updating knowledge, which can adapt to the new requirements of the work of economic, politics, science and technology, and cultural development; pay attention to theoretical theoryContact reality and have the ability to use theory and related knowledge to solve practical problems.

The encouragement and preferences of the higher -level organization departments on the level of academic qualifications and professional backgrounds of the selected officials can be traced back to Deng Xiaoping's requirements for the fourizations of cadres (knowledge, professionalism, youth, and revolutionary) in the era of Deng Xiaoping.EssenceOn the one hand, it reflects that after the turning of economic construction in China, the superior organization department attaches importance to the talents that can promote economic reform and match the need for modern government management; on the other handEffectively identify the difficulties of talents.

For example, how to be called knowledge or professionalism, whether between the superior organization and the selected officials, or within the superior organization department, is often difficult to form consistent understanding.When the officials who want to obtain political promotion and serious information asymmetry between the higher -level organization departments who have the right to decide the promotion of officials, a new Nash balance appears: For the superior organization department, it is hoped that through the third party (for example, the education department)The relatively objective diploma and certificates provided to prove the ability of the selected officials; and for officials who want to be promoted by politics, they hope to choose a signal of high ability to be highly cost -effective to the superior organization departments, so as to choose a signal of high ability to have high degree of education to the superior organization.Help accelerate political promotion.

Although we cannot exclude the purpose of some officials to study research is to improve our knowledge and skills and achieve the purpose of lifelong education, for many government officials, the main purpose of studying research is to obtain it to prove their academic qualifications to the superior organization department to prove their education degreeHigh -capacity diploma and the traditional social and cultural identity of the scholars and doctors.For the above -mentioned motivation, officials have given up their current work (and corresponding salary and welfare benefits) to study throughout the job. Even in the future, it is not wise to engage in scientific research and teaching work.

In particular, in the relevant documents promoted by Chinese officials (such as the regulations on the selection and appointment of party and government leaders), there is no strict restriction on the way of obtaining academic qualifications.Signals with high degree of education.

It is also important that, in order to obtain the political and economic resources behind power, some education departments have reduced their thresholds and even actively cooperated with officials to perform academic irregular behaviors, so that job research has become an implementation of officials to obtain a relatively low cost of diploma.

Our research team used the data of the prefecture-level cities (including deputy provincial) municipal party committee secretary from China from 2005 to 2013 to empirical inspection of the relationship between government officials' job research and personal politics promotion.The incentive distortion in political promotion provides more direct empirical evidence.Our studies have found that having a graduate degree, especially on -the -job doctoral degrees, will make government officials earlier earlier than colleagues.On average, officials with an on -the -job graduate degree have become secretary of the Municipal Party Committee at the age of 1.50 at the age of 1.50 at the age of 1.50; officials who have a doctoral degree and officials who do not have a postgraduate degree have become secretary of the Municipal Party Committee at the age of 2.62.

However, when we further examined the relationship between the officials of the post -study research and the social and economic development performance of the area they served, it was found that those officials who have the promoted by the on -the -job research experience have not significantly improved the social and economic development performance of the area served in the area.Performance.This is not consistent with government officials to better fulfill the role of the municipal party committee's secretary after improving their knowledge and skills, and to better fulfill the role of the municipal party committee secretary, and to achieve significant improvement of local socio -economic development.Not only that, our research also found that officials with a graduate degree even more likely to involve corruption in the future are investigated by party organizations and judicial institutions.

Based on the limited evidence of the above -mentioned research, we tend to think that government officials are keen to be more intense motivation behind the research back research.Political promotion speed to achieve the purpose of rapid political promotion.And officials on -the -job research are largely gold -plated that is favorable for its political promotion rather than the real gold.This one -sided emphasis on the promotion and selection mechanism of high education distorted the behavior of officials to a certain extent and inhibited the politics promotion's implicit incentives for officials.Officials' on -the -work research has become a typical representation of incentive distortion problems in the promotion of Chinese government officials.

We see that among Chinese -employed students, not only are Zhai Tianlin's famous actors, but also a large number of government officials at all levels.On the one hand, this part of the officials continue to engage in the party and government work they are responsible for (many of them are leadership positions), and on the other hand, they have become students registered in the education department to study master's and doctoral degrees.Ten years of cold windows can only be exchanged for the cultural identity of scholars, cultural people, or traditional Chinese social scholars (master's, doctoral diplomas).

Not only that, among these on -the -job research officials, the selected research fields are varied, and their pursuit of education is different.Some officials need to choose a large number of laboratory time to invest in engineering, and even the science majors as research fields; some on -the -job research officials choose the research direction to have nothing to do with early university education, but they can obtain a degree in a relatively short period of time; some officials are even for the sake ofIt proves that his unique knowledge and ability and the image of scholars' officials are not satisfied with the highest title of doctoral education.Academic qualifications.

For example, Wu Changshun, Deputy Secretary of the Political and Legal Committee of Tianjin and the Party Committee Secretary of the Public Security Bureau, won dozens of academic papers with a doctoral diploma of a university and published dozens of academic papers.He obtained a doctorate degree in Science and was hired as a part -time professor after 5 months; Qianan Jianye, a former Nanjing City of Jiangsu Province, obtained a postdoctoral title of a university.These different diplomas have become a stepping stalls for government officials to achieve political promotion as soon as possible in the future, and on -the -job research has also become a shortcut for government officials to increase promotion.

Based on the above -mentioned research by our research team, our policy suggestions are that in addition to strengthening the basic position of monetary salary (such as high salary and integrity), in addition to promoting the hidden incentives of political promotion by promoting the professionalization of civil servants,In the decision -making link of official politics promotion, it should be emphasized that the super -level departments that lack local information to change into grass -roots democratic elections with more symmetrical information; the content of the assessment of official politics promotion has changed from the diploma that pays attention to the convenience of quantitative assessment to a more more attention in the past to more to be even more attached to quantitative assessment to more to be even more more thanes.Examination of important actual work skills.

Our research also reminds the education department and even the entire society to return the work and research to the original intention and original intention of improving knowledge and skills and realizing lifelong education, and should not be a tool for helping officials to achieve political promotion.As Professor Zhu Suli of Peking University pointed out, the number of higher education places, especially the doctoral quota is scarce resources.If on -the -job officials are possessing, academically crowd out some academic competitors with more academic pursuits and abilities; in the officialdom, some competitors who have more actual work ability but do not have high education.The low quality of officials on -the -job research not only harms the reputation of China's higher education, but also an important loss of the soft power of the national science and education culture.

(This article only represents the author's point of view. Editor -in -chief email: [email protected])