Guo Liangping
Marxism believes that the socialization of production and the private possession of production materials is the basic contradiction of capitalism.The periodic economic crisis caused by it has continued to this day, making socialism still have practical significance, and it is also one of the reasons why the CCP insists on and optimistic about the prospects of socialism.However, socialism also has basic contradictions. Before these basic contradictions have not been able to solve these basic contradictions, the superiority of socialism is insufficient.
The basic contradictions of traditional socialist countries can be divided into two categories: politics and economy.Everyone is familiar with the basic contradictions of the economy, that is, the rigid plan system and the general lack of enthusiasm for production and innovation.It led to the economic stagnation of the former Soviet Union and the socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the comprehensive backwardness of science and technology.In China, Mao Zedong attempted to take a different approach to use the revolution to promote production to increase production enthusiasm. As a result, the national disaster like the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.
But for the basic contradictions of socialist politics, people know it unknown and vaguely.This blurred understanding has also caused the long -term political reforms of socialist countries to be unreasonable and lost.
No one expected that the Soviet Union collapsed overnight, but it best revealed the basic contradictions in socialist politics.The reason why the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were expected is because the mainstream political analysis methods are based on interest relationships and strength comparison.When the CPSU died of the country, the absolute advantage of the comparison of power, the powerful Soviet Red Army has been under the strict control of the party organization and the political commissar system; the society has a scattered sand, and there is no organizational opposition party and large -scale social movement.; More than 10 million party members occupy all important positions in politics, economy, and society.In other words, in terms of power comparison or interest relationship, the rule of the CPSU is as stable as Taishan.
But the Soviet Union disappeared overnight.
Su Dongbo in the early 1990s was essentially a moral revolution, not a revolution caused by the changes in interest relationships and power comparison.The moral revolution is often unexpected and unpredictable.This is because the moral revolution is righteous.Under the filling of the indignation, those who know that their power, status and interests will be damaged often actively participate in revolutionary actions, so that they suddenly emerge in the system, which is the most fatal.The moral revolution does not need to be organized intentionally; what triggers it is a common moral judgment, a popular psychology and emotion that spreads invisible.
Although this moral cognition and confrontation are long -term accumulation and the product of long -term psychological setbacks, it is unpredictable when it and under what conditions to meet.Its consequences are clear that those who are in power are swept out, and the complete collapse of the regime and political system has been completely collapsed and the legitimacy is completely lost (at least in the short term).This is because of moral judgment, especially collective moral judgments, is always right and wrong, or black or black.The moral revolution is a group action based on moral judgments. It is often unprepared and lacks consensus on the construction of the revolution.The result may be social progress, but it is more likely to be chaotic or even backward.
The basic contradictions of socialist politics revealed by the CPSU showed that the ruling party's corruption and privilege, separated from the masses, and eventually moved towards their opposite sides.It is the product of conflict between the two aspects of this system, and its regularity can be exported from the basic logic of the political system operation.
The first aspect is that this system must be authoritarian, and it is difficult for election democracy to stand in it.The core of the traditional socialist political system is the Pioneer Party of Leninism, which is the Communist Party governed by countries.The Pioneer did not organize to win the votes, but it was organized around the realization of some ideals.Its leader is the highest spokesperson of this ideal, and it is also the highest authority within the party.To achieve this ideological program, it requires strong discipline to organize implementation; it is required to obey the superiors, the whole party obey the central government; a party, a doctrine, a leader, etc.This
Some of the pioneers have formed a top -down power operation model with distinctive discipline characteristics, which is the opposite of the authorization logic of the universal democratic system.
Because no voting is required to come in power, the Pioneer Party naturally has the tendency to leave the masses; because the positions of officials on all levels are appointed from top to bottom, it is common to be responsible for being responsible for being responsible for.In this way, both the entire party and various party members and cadres have a trend of being separated from the masses and forming a closed interest group or a privilege.
The second aspect is that the pioneer governance has high requirements for the purity and advanced nature of party members and cadres, and in reality, high standards reflected in ability and moral quality.In the absence of democratic elections, the pioneering model and political achievements of the example are the main ways to obtain the support and ruling legitimacy of the people outside the party, and within the party, it is the source of the superiors of the subordinates.Both are essential for the pyramids and operations of maintaining power.The Chinese Communist Party played inside and outside the party, not the votes.
The people's heart cards must put forward high standards and strict requirements on the party and party cadres, especially in terms of moral quality. They pay attention to standing, standing, and doing things.The standard of the CCP's promotion of cadres is both virtue and virtue first.Governing the party in Germany is a place where the Communist Party is governing and other authoritarian systems.
The contradictions of morality and power
The basic contradictions of socialist politics are manifested on one on the one hand that it has high requirements for the ability and quality of the government and officials. On the other hand, due to the high concentration of power, lack of supervision from the people, and no internal and effective checks and balances inside.Under this system, power is extremely corrosive, and few people can reject corrosion and never stick.Therefore, on the one hand, high -profile anti -corruption and integrity, on the other hand, corruption has developed to an unscrupulous point, especially for employment corruption that makes corrupt officials be a good man, good people are suffering, economic damage, and social atmosphere.
This is a system that continues to produce frustration and disappointment: To put it, it sounds that the ruling party will never meet the high standards that it sets itself; if it is not good, it is that it always beats its own mouth.This contradictory determines that its people's heart cards will be very difficult, and they are almost doomed to eventually fail.The long -term dissatisfaction of the people and the party (a reliable indicator is how much the political jokes circulated in the society), preparing sufficient gunpowder for the outbreak of the moral revolution.This is the root cause of Su Dongbo.
To what extent the reform of China has resolved the basic contradictions of socialism in the past 40 years?It can be said that the basic contradictions in the economy are solved quite successfully: the abolition of the planned economy has removed a large rigid bureaucratic system; the introduction of market competition and private enterprises to a large extent solve the enthusiasm of production and innovation. The Chinese economyTake off is proof.It has also made great progress in solving basic political contradictions, especially in the past five or six years.However, due to the vagueness of the cognition, some aspects have progressed slowly, and even the phenomenon of backwardness.
At present, the Chinese Communist Party's basic contradictions to solve the basic contradictions of socialist politics are to strictly govern the party.Its essence is to improve the state of the party and make it more in line with high standards and high expectations, rather than reducing standards and expectations.For example, the State of the CCP in anti -corruption is the largest and most long -lasting among the ruling parties around the world, because it does recognize that this is indeed related to the party's life and death.This anti -corruption also involves a large number of institutional construction, including party discipline and the construction of the rule of law, in order to achieve the effect of dare not rot, cannot rot, or want to rot. At the same timeUnity with the people.
These are the sincere efforts to make the ruling party's expectations to the people.
In the past 40 years, the CCP's policies and routes have basically conform to the people's hearts and national conditions. Therefore, its support in polls is higher than that of most elected governments, and the speed of economic development is also much higher than other countries.Various abilities of the ruling party, such as coordination, execution, the ability to mobilize resources and concentrated power, solve social contradictions and the ability to maintain political stability, etc., are also obvious to all.It said that it should not be changed to be firm, not all stubborn, but to maintain the advantages of these systems.
However, the direction of this reform can only slow down, and it cannot fundamentally eliminate the basic spearShield, and there is a blind side not to change.In recent years, personal worship comes out from time to time, which is the outstanding performance of confused.In addition, there are basically no people's efforts to enhance the people's nature, and they often stay in verbal and lack the guarantee of the system; highly concentrated democracy that only concentrates and has no democracy, and the officialdom is widely inaction.Suppressing different opinions of formalism, teachingism, elegant, and not telling the truth;
The blind expansion of the party organization to all economic and social organizations is actually the role of expanding the basic contradictions of socialist politics.Responsibility mdash; mdash; any party member and cadre do bad things will be counted on the ruling party.
Political loss may also lead to the basic contradictions of the economy: the party organization's strengthening control may lead to the resurrection of the command economy (Command Economy), leading to the vitality of the party power to suppress the market and society, weaken the foundation of the rule of law in the market economy, andCauses conflicts with developed western countries and even broke out of the new Cold War.These are the directional errors caused by the blurring of the basic contradictions of socialism.
The author is a senior researcher at the East Asia Institute of the National University of Singapore
In China, Mao Zedong attempted to take a different approach to use the revolution to promote production to increase production enthusiasm. As a result, the national disaster like the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.But for the basic contradictions of socialist politics, people know it unknown and vaguely.This blurred understanding has also caused the long -term political reforms of socialist countries to be unreasonable and lost.
