In the field of ecology, studying the cooperation of group insects helps us understand the dynamics of the ecosystem.Conversely, in the field of cancer, our goal is to destroy the cooperative relationship between cancer cells.Understanding the cooperation mechanism of cancer cells can develop new treatment strategies and bring more effective treatment methods.
Humans are born with group animals.This kind of social grouping has implemented all aspects of our lives. Whether it is the interaction of families, communities, or even global, human beings have always cooperated through social relations to achieve collective goals.Human social nature is often more significant during difficulties such as war, famine, natural disasters, and epidemic.
For example, for example, the continued losses of the Pakistani, the world's countries in the world are closely cooperating through humanitarian rescue organizations, and the rescue of more than one million displacement in the Gaza Strip has highlighted the unity and collaboration spirit of international humanitarianism.During the crown disease epidemic, in order to make personal sacrifices, human beings around the world make a personal sacrifice, and inhibit the spread of virus by maintaining measures such as social distances, frequent washing and self -isolation.In addition, historical textbooks also record the martyrs who sacrificed bravely for the invaders during the two world wars.These examples show the unity and cooperation and selfless dedication of human beings when facing challenges, and fully show our deep -rooted social nature.
However, human beings are not the only creature that can show high social.Throughout the nature of nature, many mammals, insects, and even the bacteria and viruses that can be seen under the microscope are also socially like human beings.
Diverse cooperation style in nature
Many mammals have highly cooperative social organizations.For example, Prairie Dog, which grows in North America, will show altruistic cooperation in crisis.When these grassland dogs are foraging, members will always act as "sentinels". When they encounter predators such as eagle or fox invasion, they will send a huge alert to remind their companions to escape quickly.Although the dog and rat "sentinel" will attract the attention of predators when issuing warnings, they are still adventurous to preserve the interests of the group.Similarly, South America's blood -sucking bat is also cooperative mammals.When the food is short, the blood -sucking bat will anti -blood meals and share it with their companions who fail to find food.This mutual assistance is essential for the survival of the entire blood -sucking bat group.
Eusocial group insects, such as bees, ants, and termites, are the examples of collaborative cooperation between nature.In this type of insect community, many infertility workers will take care of a few larvae born from the pyrethrobium -capable insects, which is the ultimate expression of reproductive altruis.In addition, some workers even sacrifice themselves in order to defend the nest.For example, when the honeycomb is threatened, the workers will use the abdominal toxic needle to pierce the invaders.When the needle is pulled out, the pheasant with inverted hooks will be pulled out of the bee body together with the poison sac and some internal organs, causing the digestive system to be damaged.Therefore, the workers will die shortly after the invaders of the nail.In addition, the French Guaiya in South America has a kind of termites. It will explode at the time when the invaders are attacked and sprayed out a highly corrosive chemical substance to protect the community to repel the enemy.These amazing self -sacrifice behaviors fully reflect the nature of social and cooperation of group insects.
Bacteria and viruses in the microorganisms also show similar group cooperation.A VESICULAR Stomatitis Virus, which can be infected and inhibit human cell secretion interferon to prevent it of inducing neighboring cells to resist virus infections.In this way, blisters can effectively invade other viruses into neighboring cells.During the process of inhibiting interferon secretion, olored oralitis virus sacrificed his ability to reproduce and became a victim of altruistic viruses.Escherichia Coli, which is common in our intestine, is also an example of a few individuals who sacrifice for collective interests.These victims will inhibit their own reproduction, which will cause and secrete a chemical called Indole to induce collective resistance to the other bacterial groups from antibiotics.
Cancer cells can also cooperate with each other
Outside of nature, scientific researchers have found that cancer cells can also adopt cooperative strategies to survive and reproduce in the human body and resist chemotherapy.From 1970 to 1990, the experimental data provided by American cancer researcher Gloria Heppner initially showed that there may be cooperative relationships between cancer cells.However, due to the research technology at the time, Hopner and the team failed to further verify the discovery.After 2010, due to the research and development and popularization of a variety of single -cell sequencing technology on the new generation of sequencing platforms, researchers can analyze the gene expression and mutation of a single cancer cell, which gradually realizes that in the same tumor, there are different characteristics and gene mutations in the same tumor.Cancer cells.Subsequently, through mouse experiments, there was a cooperative relationship between cancer cells and sub -groups. By secreting and sharing their different growth factors, they helped each other to reproduce each other, invaded and transfer to other parts of the human body.
The author recently published a research paper on self -sacrifice behavior of a few breast cancer cells.This behavior can make the rest of the tumor group of the chemotherapy drugs, the taxane (Taxane) to produce resistance.These breast cancer cells that are good for altruism can sacrifice their own reproductive abilities to secrete specific protein signals to neighboring cells and induce them to enter a state of antimhates.In addition, the author and the research team also observed that even if all the breast cancer cells that are good for altruistic behavior are removed from the group, a mechanism called "Epigenetic Reprogramming" canIn the case, new altruistic cancer cells are produced from the existing monopoly cell group.
Overall, the author's research shows that the anti -drug response of breast cancer cells is likely to be a social manifestation of cancer cells.It is worth noting that there are similarities between the mechanism and dynamics of breast cancer cells and nature of nature.This means that in the field of ecology, the research results of various biological society in nature for decades may be applicable to further understanding and discussion of cooperation strategies between cancer cells.
Biological Cooperation Strategy: Double Blade Sword?
Since the origin of species published in 1859, our research on the social and cooperative strategies of organisms has made significant progress.In this pioneering book that has a profound influence on the field of chemistry, Darwin himself pointed out that the acts of real social insects such as bee, which constitutes a huge challenge to the evolutionary views of the heavenly selection in his book.
If the species on the earth are the result of the survival of the fittest, the noble characteristics of the benefit of others, how can they inherit the offspring and spread it?Since Darwin raised this problem, the study of the academic community on biological society and altruistic behavior have begun to flourish.Scientists have proposed several theories that explain the emergence of Lisa's cooperation in nature, such as Kin Selection theory that individuals are more likely to help relatives to ensure the survival of shared genes;When interacting between individuals, cooperation can evolve.
Understanding the cooperation between humans is of great practical significance for multiple fields.In sociology, understanding the factors that can promote mutual cooperation between human beings are vital to society, especially for improving social cohesion and trust between people.In international relations, understanding the factors to promote cooperation between countries will help formulate strategies to resolve international conflicts and promote countriesCooperation in the fields of trade, diplomacy, climate change, humanitarian action and other fields.
In the field of ecology, studying the cooperation of group insects helps us understand the dynamics of the ecosystem.The bee community shows complex social cooperation, and as a powder of many plants, bees are critical to the breeding of these plants.Through in -depth understanding of the communication, collaboration and division of labor of the bee group, scientists can develop more effective ecological protection strategies to protect these important powder, thereby maintaining the health of their ecosystems.
On the contrary, in the field of cancer, our goal is to destroy rather than promote cooperative relationship between cancer cells.Cancer is one of the most incidence in the world at present.Understanding the cooperation mechanism of cancer cells can develop new treatment strategies for the social nature of cancer cells, bringing more effective treatment methods, thereby improving the survival rate of patients.Similarly, the group cooperation strategies for harmful bacteria or viruses that are harmful to human beings need to be suppressed.
In the end, it should be determined based on the specific background and expectations to promote or destroy the cooperative relationship between individuals.Through the research of cooperation between individuals in various fields, we can deepen the understanding of this phenomenon, so as to use these knowledge to promote beneficial cooperative relationships, or alleviate the impact of harmful cooperation, to solve human beings in the fields of society, ecological environment, and medicineAll kinds of challenges.
The author is the Assistant Professor of the Cancer Research Center and the Department of Pathology at the National University of Singapore's National University of Singapore
