Source: Ming Pao
Author: Bai Yiming, Ye Zhaohui
With the development of the rule of law of human civilization, fertility has gradually become an internationally recognized basic human rights.A recent report of the United Nations Population Foundation describes the situation of excess population.The report mentioned the comments and explanations of the myth of population growth, including whether the impact of bonus rewards on the population number is limited, how to protect women's rights and interests, how to solve the problem of gender inequality, and the disadvantages of population policy, etc., and discussed the population policy, etc., and discussed it.Potential damage to women's fertility and crisis of their body autonomy.
The gap between the willingness to fertility and reality
We believe that this crisis that cannot protect women's rights does exist.The most fundamental thing to respect for fertility is to solve the gap between women's fertility and reality, thereby helping each woman to fulfill their fertility desires.At present, some women have more than the number of children she wants, while others do not reach their ideal children.Whatever the situation is, they are not very satisfied.
In low -income countries, women's contraceptive demand is difficult to meet.The phenomenon of early marriage and early pregnancy caused them to be forced to have more children than the number of ideals.In high -income countries, the cost of raising children is very high. Many women choose to have only one or not.Economic burden is a major obstacle -high housing prices, serious overtime, and even gender inequality, have limited women who have failed to give birth to children with their ideal numbers.Due to the in the past few decades, women's education level and economic conditions have been greatly improved, and the chance of giving birth to children has become higher. More women have to give up their ideal number of children after rational choice.
For low -income countries, lack of contraceptive knowledge and opportunities, bringing a lot of harm to women, including extremely high accidental pregnancy rates, women's unable to complete education or employment, complications of women's dying from unsafe abortion, and so on.Therefore, the first step in improving the fertility environment of women is to give them the right to sex and fertility, so that women can get contraceptives or items.
However, there are many factors affecting women's use of contraceptives, including previous contraceptive experience, understanding of contraceptive methods, and consideration of the cost, effect and side effects of each method, religious ban and social norms.Some African women believe that contraception will affect their sexual life and even cause infertility.And even though they have a certain understanding and understanding of contraception methods, they cannot get the required contraceptives in public health institutions because they are expensive and far away.
For example, in Nigeria, in 2012, only 10%of the 15 to 49 -year -old married women used modern contraceptive methods to limit or extend the fertility interval time.For women, the most common contraceptive method is contraceptives (71%); for men, the most common method is condoms (91%); only 24.7%of women and 17.9%of men know the "long -acting reversible contraceptive method"(LARC) includes in -the -palace -saving device and subcutaneous implant.
Men and women should jointly bear the responsibility for contraception
contraception is not just the responsibility of women. In the process of implementing contraceptive measures, men and women should enjoy equal rights and obligations and jointly bear the responsibility of contraception.Especially in low -income countries, it is not only based on gender equality, fairness and justice, but also more secure, simple, and economically economical.Men's active responsibility for contraceptives is not only caring for women's health and respect for women, but also an important way to improve effective contraception.
Opportunity costs are becoming more and more important for women's rational fertility decisions.In a larger city in China, a recent study shows that for his wife, after giving birth to a child, their employment opportunities decreased by about 6.6%compared to before fertility; after continuing to have two children, they decreased by 9.3%.This change mainly occurs in middle -income families; families in this part of income groups also mainly affect the decline in fertility.Therefore, it is necessary to implement a more flexible and humanized maternity leave system like Nordic countries.
Make sure that fertility is not a compromise
A friendly working environment for the family has been confirmed to be a key factor in ensuring that women recover their employment after two or three children.If you lose your job because you have two or three -babies, and you will lose the opportunity to make money and raise your family, who will support your child?If at this time, the government can economically protect children economically, which is the best.But in terms of the current Chinese government's policies, officials only give limited rewards and incentives.
Therefore, for women who resume postpartum work, the priority is to make new jobs as soon as possible through free training, employment guidance and employment coordination, so that women who come back to be returned can find new jobs as soon as possible.But this is not something that women can complete, but must rely on the government and their functional departments.Although fertility is indeed a personal choice, we must ensure that it is not a compromise.
Women's rights should be respected
In high -income countries with the goal of optimizing fertility, increase the incentives for supporting fertility policies, strengthen technical support for "eugenics", establish an open and harmonious parenting culture, and strengthen infrastructure protection.Its desire for fertility, so as to truly respect the fertility power.In terms of protecting women's fertility rights, it is necessary to consider promoting gender equality and protecting women's social security rights during pregnancy, birth and lactation. At the same time, paying attention to the true wishes and wishes of women is the focus.
The level of fertility has a long -term impact on the trajectory of the future population growth.In fact, women's rights should be respected, and their desire to form a family should be protected.The most advantageous situation is that each woman can give birth to their ideal children equally.Therefore, the government should be responsible for promoting the idealization process of realizing the ideal, and formulate a reasonable and meticulous, meticulous and tailored policy measures to cope with challenges.
