Xu Chenggang: The Cultural Revolution has profound historical origin of totalitarianism, which contains not only a large amount of foreign influence, and the political politics that exists in Chinese history is also the soil that it produces.

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This article is the five of the origin of the Cultural Revolution of Professor Xu Chenggang

The Cultural Revolution is a terrorist and politics mass movement, which occurs in the totalitarian system and has deep historical origin of totalitarianism.On the one hand, its origin contains a large number of foreign influences; on the other hand, the political politics that exists in Chinese history is also the soil that it produces, such as modern Boxer riots.Although the Great Leap Forward has changed the economic and administrative operations of the totalitarian system in China, the totalitarianism itself is foreign from the basic thoughts to the basic system.The religious fanaticism in the Cultural Revolution, the religious persecution of mobs, the fruit of totalitarianism, the result of foreign influence and historical ingredient interaction.

Religious madness and persecution of totalitarianism

Totalitarianism is inseparable from religious fanaticism.A basic feature of the cultural revolution is religious fanaticism.Religious madness across China is an exotic that comes with extremely authoritarianism.The Bolshevik established by Lenin, its party building model, was deeply influenced by the important institutional components of several Tsarist Russia periods, including Orthodox Church and political secret organizations in history and engaging in violent activities.Mdash; MDASH; Author's Note].

The Orthodox Church has a longer history than Russia, and its influence penetrates the entire society of Russia.The type of religious rule, the church system, and the means of instigating religious fanaticism are one of the basic system of the Leninist Party.

In the system of the Orthodox Church, the nature of the Roman Church is the same.Of course, they have different interpretations of Christianity and have power to fight, and in some historical periods, both sides have strangled each other as pagan.The system components of the Orthodox Church and Political Secrets in Bolshevik made Lenin's principles and organizational principles of Lenin, which is completely different from the Marxist parties in the first and second Communist International in the past and the second Communist International.This led the Russian Social Democratic Democratic Party, Bolshevik, and Monshvik, so that Bolshevik eliminated Monshvik as an enemy.The origin of the Communist Party of China was the Bolshevik Party established by the Communist International (the International Department of Bolsheviks) in China.

In the Middle Ages of the Orthodox Church and the Roman Church, its common basic characteristics are in the name of the savior representatives, incite the religious fanaticism of the believers, and at the same time persecute the pagan.They not only persecuted pagans outside the church, but also persecuted members inside the church, including high -level members.Anyone, as long as they have different views with their superiors, are different from the classic explanation and the upper levels of the church, they will be identified as pagans and severely punished.There are two ways of punishment: one is to sentence the pagan to the pagan through the Holy See, that is, the court, and the other is to use believers, that is, the mobs, and the persecution.

In the Middle Ages, the believers of the Orthodox Church and the Roman Church were generally unbelievable, and ordinary believers were unable to read the Bible.The Bible must be told by a full -time clergyman to the believers.Only the clergymen know what is calledism. The doctrine that they say from their mouths is the only one, and the clergy staff must implement the central policy of the central policy set by the superior until the Pope formulated.The doctrine defined by the Pope must be strictly implemented.Anyone who deviates from the Holy See's interpretation of religion, the Holy See will incite the believers and punish them cruelly.Historically, countless pagans were sentenced to penalties by believers and mobs.

The theoretical foundation of the French Revolution and the Paris Commune

In addition to Marxism -Leninism and the October Revolution, the most frequently mentioned in the Cultural Revolution, which is directly imitated by the Red Guards and rebels, is the red terror invented by the French Revolution and the Paris Commune, especially the Jacobin Club in the French Revolution.

The French Revolution is very important for Marxist thought and Leninist Party.The communist thought, one of the origin of Marxism, was born in France, a little earlier than the French Revolution.It is precisely because the French Revolution has promoted this idea and such social experiments that communism has attracted widespread attention from many people, including Marx.Another French thinker Rousseau had a huge impact on the Leninist Party and the Cultural Revolution.

Rousseau invented a whole set of theories, emphasizing collective will, emphasizing that individual freedom must allow the collective interests, and emphasize that individuals must obey the collective.Rousseau seems to be advocating freedom, equality, and democracy. In fact, his biggest theory is that the collective will determine personal behavior.Both Marx and Lenin have learned his theory in large quantities.In Marxismism, most theoretical discussions that emphasize collectivism and suppress individual freedom are based on Rousseau's theory.

Rousseau's collective will is the first step towards totalitarianism. What is more important than theory is based on the practice and implementation of its theory.The first large -scale practice of Rousseau theory was the extreme radical organization of the French Revolution, known as the Jacobin Club, and its revolutionary leader Robinspier claimed to be a student of Rousseau.On the basis of collective will, Robspier invented the concept and system of red horror.

He was the first in the revolutionary organization. In the name of collective, he systematically implemented terrorist rule in the name of revolution, suppressed different opinions within the party, eliminated dissidents in a horrible way, and ruled the ideas, policies and systems of the party's organization.The cleaned revolutionary comrades were sent to the broken side one by one.When all the revolutionary party comrades finally realized that when Robspier threatened to everyone and threatened to the revolution, his comrades collectively decided to sentence Robertspier to death and send it to the broken platform.

Although the French Revolution failed, the Jacobin club -style organization generated by the French Revolution had a long -lasting impact through the spread of Leninism.The Bolshevik Revolution led by Lenin, under the slogan of communism, systematically uses the concepts, practices, mechanisms and methods of red horror.The leaders of the Second Communist International, Luxembourg and Coski, have pointed out that Bolshevik, founded by Lenin, systematically reproduced the Jacobin Club of Robespier.

In the cultural revolution, the most popular instructions once that the revolution is a riots, the violent action of one class to overthrow another class, which is the expression of this spirit.Under the guidance and confusion of this highest instruction, the Red Guards and the rebels shouted the slogan of red horror, systematically implemented the concepts, practices, mechanisms, and methods from the West, and developed it to greaterThe scale, deeper brutal.

During the period when the cultural revolution smashed the old world and created a new world, the Paris Commune was an example of a new society that the Paris Commune would create.In early 1967, with the direct support of Mao Zedong and his main followers, the Shanghai Villain took the lead in overthrowing the Shanghai Party and Government of the Communist Party of China in the country.On February 5th of that year, millions of people witnessed the establishment of the Shanghai People's Commune, trying to promote the party and government and government that imitates the Paris Commune in the country to replace the old -style totalitarian system.The Shanghai People's Commune that imitates the Paris Commune is an enlarged version of the People's Commune in 1958.

Regardless of the Shanghai People's Commune or the Rural People's Commune, its rule model is partially learned from the Paris Commune, and the other part comes from Bolshevik.In the commune, the ruling committee composed of the revolutionary masses (such as the Revolutionary Committee) decided to suppress the object.

The Paris Commune only survived for two months, and its actual role in French history is very limited.The significant value of the Paris Commune lies in its inspirationMarx, a basic concept of Marxism, is the dictatorship of the proletariat.The Paris Commune happened in the era of Marx.The Book of Civil War in Marx was a collection of articles about the Paris Commune in the Paris Commune during the Paris Commune.The concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the book comes from the practice from the Paris Commune, which is a summary of the creation of the Paris Commune.

Marx believes that in the future socialist society, the proletarian dictatorship of the Paris Commune must be learned.Marx criticized the Paris Commune that they did not use violence enough and believed that the Paris Commune failed because they spoke democracy and waste time. They did not use violence to eliminate the enemy.The proletarian dictatorship, violent revolution, etc., which are the basic components of Marxism, which are from the Paris commune, are the theoretical basis of the cultural revolution.

The mobs of Chinese history

It is just foreign violence theory and influence, which is not enough to produce extensive and brutal violence movements such as the cultural revolution in China.The violence politics, which was originally deeply rooted in Chinese history, played a great role.At the beginning of the last century, Mr. Liang Qichao said when he summed up Chinese history that there was only rebellion in Chinese history and no revolution.Because all violence in Chinese history is not to change society, but to change the emperor.Either the emperor who knocked down the throne was the emperor;In the latter, the atrocities are targeted at the enemies of all emperors, even foreigners.

In the history of more than two thousand years of rebellion, it is full of traditions of mob politics.Among them, one of the political movements that affect the huge impact on the Cultural Revolution is the Boxer of the 199th and Twentieth Century.In just a few years, the Boxer slaughtered more than 240 foreign missionaries, more than 20,000 Chinese Christians, and burned countless churches; united with the Qing Army, killed foreign envoys in China, and attacked its embassy in China.The propaganda of the Boxer that year said that the church covered the sky without raining and the ground was dry.Women are not clean, men are not suspected, ghost children are not produced by humans.If you don't believe it, look closely, the devil's eyes are blue.

hellip; hellip; foreign devils, all kills, Daqing is unified and rivers.Fully display the extreme racial discrimination of righteous and martial arts, extreme hatred of foreign religion, and extremely cruel and brutal essence.

Prior to the Cultural Revolution, the rebellion of tycies such as Boxer and the delegation had been added with the descent of Marxism -Leninism, as the revolutionary tradition of the anti -emperor, and the pioneer of the CCP revolution.For example, Zhou Enlai said to the visiting East Germany in 1955 that the Boxer Movement was a manifestation of the Chinese people's stubborn resistance to the invasion of imperialist aggression. Their heroic struggle was one of the founding stones of the great victory of the Chinese people after 50 years.

During the Cultural Revolution, the Boxer was advocated as an anti -imperialist movement by the Boat.The backbone of the Central Cultural Revolution Group criticized the secret history of the Qing Palace during the Cultural Revolution, and said in the article published in the article published by the Communist Party of China (March 30, 1967) that the heroes of the Boxer group were in a serious moment when the motherland was divided by the imperialism., Corporation came forward, holding up the revolutionary banner of the anti -emperor's patriotic struggle, and the heroic struggle with the imperialist robbers and their dogs.One of the founding stones of great victory.

It enabled the aggressor to taste the taste of the Chinese people's iron fist, crushing the imperialist lsquo; melon rsquo; China ’s dream.

In fact, at that time, the so -called campaign to criticize the secret history of the Qing Palace became a tool for advocating and violent group violence.The historic model of Boxer has greatly promoted the rise, expansion and coverage of mob politics.The Red Guards and rebels in many schools, from dressing to slogans, imitating the red lights of the regiment, and violence in schools and social.Under the demonstration and encouragement of the comprehensive riots of the Boxer, the rebels of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs adopted a similar atrocities as the Boxer: British British Office in Beijing (even with the hall), beat and threatened British diplomats in China.

However, the traditional riots of the cultural revolution and the traditional riots of the Boxer are different.The biggest difference is that the main body of the cultural revolution is young students, which are systematically cultivated by long -term systems under the totalitarian system, and the leaders are incited by the opportunity.

A more direct and powerful role model than the Yiyi Tuan is a riot of Hunan farmers who once personally led by Mao Zedong.The basic characteristic of peasant riots is that there is an aggressive and terrorist politics for the fact that the aggressive behavior is implemented, deprived of property in violence, and combat and rule in a horror way.When the mass movement of the Cultural Revolution was just emerging, the scope was limited to the campus, and the way was limited to the posters and critical meetings.

The leaders of the Cultural Revolution Group of Jiang Qing and Kang Sheng quoted Mao Zedong's words that Mao Zedong launched a peasant riots in the 1930s: Revolution is a riots, a violent action of one class to overthrow another class.On the one hand, incite the emotions of the revolutionary teenager, and on the other hand, in examples, the method of teaching violence is to be taught.Tell the Red Guards and rebels that those who can use violence are the real revolutionaries.

Thoroughly negating the Cultural Revolution is the starting point of China's reform and opening up.The progress of reform and opening up is inseparable from reflection on the Cultural Revolution.Understanding the historical origin and operating mechanism of the Cultural Revolution is the prerequisite for protecting the progress of reform and opening up and preventing the recurrence of the Cultural Revolution.

(Note: This article only represents the author's personal point of view. Responsible for the mailbox [email protected])