Class analysis is a major tool for traditional Marxism.Although China does not advocate class analysis now, in the current turning period, it is necessary to see the future trend of Chinese society, and it is necessary to recover this knowledge tool again.
Mao Zedong wrote an article "Analysis of various class Chinese society" and established his revolutionary theory.The drama writer Sha Yexin imitated Mao Wen and wrote a playful "analysis of various class Chinese animals", which is also very appropriate to use it.
Before the reform and opening up, China came to govern the country according to Mao Zedong's class struggle theory. According to the background, the society was divided into about four classes or grades: workers are ruling classes, farmers are allies of workers, intellectuals are transformed and fightingObjects, Di Fu, anti -bad right is the exploitation class and is subject to dictatorship.After the reform and opening up, the Chinese Communist Party did not mention class struggles. The rich and anti -right of the ground were also recovered. The workers and peasants were always the leadership class. Intellectuals were included in the working class team, becoming part of the latter, in fact and "The two -class first class Andrdquo; intellectuals exist as a class, which is divided from the political component.
But in the academic and theoretical community, the word "class Andrdquo; the word does not allow the term. When analyzing the class structure of Chinese society, scholars use Andrdquo; as if in this way, the class is eliminated.Its theoretical basis is that Marx's class analysis method is divided into class with all the relationships of production materials, while China is a socialist country. The exploitation class has been eliminated. All the people have national property. Therefore, China has no class and only class.This is a kind of hilling of the ears.
Is there a clear class structure in Chinese society?Of course.In the past few years, a class division standard was popular on the Internet. It divided the society into level 9 according to power: level 1 is represented by the members of the Politburo and the Retired Standing Committee;Represents the wealthy, wealthy merchants, and big bankers; the level 3 is represented by general provincial and ministerial, deputy provincial ministries, particularly real power, or large business owners, general wealthy merchants, prestigious universities, and secondary bankers;
The 4th level is based on the general hall level, the real power county level, the academician, the professor, the senior professional manager, the famous doctor, the famous lawyer, the principal of the university, the performing arts star, the well -known writer, the secondary business owner, the small banker, and the like;The 5th level is mainly small business owners, general office deputy deputy office or real power level cadres, professors, secondary vocational managers, large cities multi -suite housing owners, second and third -tier stars, small and famous doctors, lawyers, engineers, etc.The level is mainly ordinary civil servants, mainstream enterprise staff, young teachers of colleges and universities, ordinary freelancers, general doctors lawyers, general engineers, large individual households, etc. level 7 are ordinary enterprise workers, marginalized personnel, small body households, bottom -level urban levelsRepresentatives of indigenous, wealthy farmers;
Level 8 is represented by workers and ordinary farmers in the 8th level of sweatshop; level 9 is represented by the unemployed population and remote mountain farmers at the bottom of the big cities. Due to the requirements of the basic living standards of the city, these people basically cannot eat themselves in the city.
Level 1-3 is the upper society of China. Ordinary people are not unable to enter. They can reach the third level through struggle.Level 4-6 is the middle society of China, which are high, medium and low-end middle classes. Ordinary people work hard through efforts, and it can be fixed at level 5 even if it is good.Grade 7-9 is the bottom of the society and the grassroots class.There are also divided by income and wealth, so I won't talk about it here.
From the perspective of the academic world, there are also more analysis of Chinese society. The more authoritative is the "all class of Chinese society divided Andrdquo;Organize resources, economic resources and cultural resources as the standard, and divide the Chinese society in ten levels and five status levels, namely the class of the state and social manager, the class of the manager, the owner of the private business, the professional and technical personnel,Individual industrial and commercial household class, employee class of commercial service industry, industrial worker class, agricultural worker class, urban and rural unemployed and semi -unemployed.
Specifically, the state and social managers refer to leading cadres who exercise actual administrative management powers in the party, government, business, and social group organs, including the central ministries and commissions and municipalities with practical administrative management authority in the central government level and the level of office levels and levels of administrative management authority.Cadres of the above administrative level; cadres at the rural level and above administrative levels with actual administrative management authority in all provinces, municipalities, and regions.The manager's class refers to high -middle management personnel who are as large and medium -sized enterprises in large and medium -sized enterprises.Private business owners refer to people who have a certain amount of private capital or fixed assets and invest in profit.
Professional and technical personnel refer to the secondary professional work and science and technology in institutions of various economic ingredients (including state organs, party and mass organizations, national enterprises and institutions, collective enterprises and institutions, and various non -public economy enterprises)Work staff.
The office of the personnel refers to the full -time office staff who assist the person in charge of the department to handle daily administrative affairs. It is mainly composed of high -level civil servants in party and government organs, grass -roots managers and non -professional officers in various ownership enterprises and institutions.Individual industrial and commercial households refer to people who have a small amount of private capital (including real estate) and invest in business activities such as production, circulation, and service industries or financial bond markets and live.The employee class of the business service industry refers to a non -professional, non -force and physical staff in the business and service industry.
Industrial workers refer to production workers, construction workers and related personnel who are engaged in physical and semi -physical labor in the secondary industry.The agricultural worker class refers to all the cultivated land for the collective, with the only or main occupation of the agricultural (forest, animal husbandry, and fishing) industry, and the farmers with farmers (forests, animal husbandry, and fishing).EssenceThe urban and rural areas, unemployment, and semi -lost industry class refers to people who have no fixed occupation (excluded students in schools).
In my opinion, the two representative class or class division above, one is too trivial, and the other is that the division of standards does not touch the essence of the problem, so it cannot truly clarify the class structure of Chinese society.Classes and classes are two different concepts. When classes rather than classify the social structure by class, they have pulled out those factors that constitute class.
According to Marxism, the class is divided by all relationships, which is an economic analysis method.But Marx also believes that the economic foundation determines the upper -level building and you have a economic dominant position, so it must be reflected politically.Therefore, class is a tool for rule. It has a distinctive political attribute and is a political concept.In other words, in addition to dividing the class from an economic perspective, it is also necessary to divide from the perspective of power.Yugoslav writer, member of the Political Bureau of the South Communist Party, intimate comrades -in -arms in the early stage of Tito, and later opposition Degras.
Before being put into prison by Tito, a book of "new class" was written to analyze the class structure of the Su Dong country from the perspective of power.New class of power, interests and ideology.His criticism of this new class is that "greedy and unsatisfactory, just like the bourgeoisie.
However, it does not have the simple and frugal virtue of the bourgeoisie.The rejection of the new class is like the noble class, but there is no education and knight style of the noble class.Andrdquo;
According to this combination of administration, we can see why the third level was dissatisfied before the French Revolution, and we must get up to overthrow the first and second levels.At that time, there were three levels (class) in France. The first level was monks and priest groups. The second level was the noble group. They were the privileges of France, but they did not pay taxes.In addition, it belongs to the third level. They include farmers, workers, urban slums, small manual operators, soldiers and capitalists, accounting for 95%of the French population.EssenceThe third level became the main force of the anti -autocracy. The outbreak of the French Revolution was the third level dissatisfied with its own political status and overturned the royal power.
When Mao Zedong was revolutionary, he also divided society into five classes and one class, namely the working class, the peasant class, the national bourgeoisie, the landlord class, the large bourgeoisie and the intellectual class.The workers and peasant class are the exploited classes, the main object of the revolution; the landlord and the UniversityThe class structure of the home refers to the new class of absolute power, interests and ideology after the revolutionary victory after the revolution.His criticism of this new class is that "greedy and unsatisfactory, just like the bourgeoisie.
However, it does not have the simple and frugal virtue of the bourgeoisie.The rejection of the new class is like the noble class, but there is no education and knight style of the noble class.Andrdquo;
According to this combination of administration, we can see why the third level was dissatisfied before the French Revolution, and we must get up to overthrow the first and second levels.At that time, there were three levels (class) in France. The first level was monks and priest groups. The second level was the noble group. They were the privileges of France, but they did not pay taxes.In addition, it belongs to the third level. They include farmers, workers, urban slums, small manual operators, soldiers and capitalists, accounting for 95%of the French population.EssenceThe third level became the main force of the anti -autocracy. The outbreak of the French Revolution was the third level dissatisfied with its own political status and overturned the royal power.
When Mao Zedong was revolutionary, he also divided society into five classes and one class, namely the working class, the peasant class, the national bourgeoisie, the landlord class, the large bourgeoisie and the intellectual class.The workers and peasant class are the exploited classes and the main objects of the revolution. The landlord and the large bourgeoisie are the exploiters and master the national power and wealth. They are the main goal of the revolution.One member, but also has a revolutionary side; intellectuals do not construct an independent class. They are inherently weak and are attached to other classes.
The proletariat can transform the national bourgeoisie and intellectuals into revolutionaries.Mao Yi this class analysis finally seized the world.
The new class analysis I am talking about is to use Dhelam's Andrdquo; concept of "new class andrdquo; concept to unify Dhelam and Marx. Like the French Revolution, China is divided into several levels. There is no doubt that China is the China.In a class society, and in the sense of Degalas, Andrdquo, the new class, is better than Su Dong of the year.Because China has accumulated huge wealth in the 40 years of reform, and because of its power and use of power and the lack of basic rules and supervision rights for wealth, China's "new class Andrdquo; it has long been an indisputable existence and has become an indisputable existence and has become an indisputable existence and has become an indisputable existence and has become an indisputable existence.Observatory.
From the share of power and wealth, the class structure of Chinese society can be divided into seven levels.
First level: oligopoly power.They are mainly composed of leaders and controllers of power agencies at all levels.The characteristics of this level are that they have mastered the absolute power of society, basically have no restrictions, and play a dominant role in Chinese society.
Second level: big capitalist.They are mainly composed of various explicit and invisible rich, including the leaders of state -owned enterprises.This level is characterized by huge wealth or controlling huge wealth. They participate in politics and affect decision -making through wealth, especially in local political ecology. This level has great influence.
The third level, the usual meaning of the bureaucracy, mainly includes officials at all levels outside the first level. The characteristics of this level are that they are actual managers of society and have management rights.
The above three levels constitute the vested interests of Chinese society, or the main component of vested interests. The first two levels are the privileges of society and play a leading role in society.
Fourth level: professional class.They are mainly composed of professionals in various industries and various industries, including officers of bureaucratic class.The characteristics of this level are that although they do not have the management of social management, they have the professional power of the art and the industry. They are the main creators of social wealth. They also use professional power to participate in distribution and seek benefits.The knowledge class in this level can actually shape the public opinion of society.
Fifth level: petty assets.They are mainly composed of various private business owners.The characteristics of this level are that they have a certain amount of wealth and are allocated with certain assets, but there is very little right to speak in society.Their wealth is at any time.
These two classes constitute China's middle -class group.They have a certain right to speak, and some of the fourth -level professionals belong to the vested interests of the society and are defenders of the privileged class.
Sixth level: workers and farmers.The number of these two groups accounts for the majority of society, but the distribution of wealth is the least.The characteristics of this level are that they have the nominal dominance in the constitution, but they are actually dominated by the rule.
Seventh level: proletarian.They include long -term unemployed or semi -lost, blind flow and other people who have been abandoned by the society.The characteristics of this level are that there is no power, no power, no money, or only a small amount of property.They are the poor class of society.
The last two levels are vulnerable groups of society. They lack opportunities and channels for flowing upward. Poverty is solidified. Under the current social structure, they basically cannot change their destiny.
China's class structure consists of these seven levels, of which the oligopoly and large capitalists constitute the society's "new class andrdquo; and this structure is generally to form a Matthew effect of winners, that is, strongly strongHengqiang, the weakness of the weak. This pattern is becoming more and more obvious now.
If this class structure in Chinese society is not due to the Sino -US trade war, it will continue for a long time, but the trade war may exacerbate its changes. The remaining five levels except the first and second levels will further deteriorate, especiallyIt is a professional class and petty assets, and the interests of some grass -roots bureaucrats are damaged. Some small assets may be thrown into the ranks of workers and peasants.
The changing situation is coming, whether Chinese society is moving towards democracy or more authoritarianism, depending on the above class's ability to understand the current situation and its own mission and its interaction relationship.
