Li Muzhi: Shanghai's garbage classification policy has formed a simple supervision and supervision relationship. That is to say, the superior government must continuously invest in supervision manpower and material resources to maintain this system.
On June 27, the US Consulate General in Shanghai held the 243rd anniversary of the United States and the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States. During the event, a guest from Shanghai said in his speech.Laugh.This sentence can resonate with people. The garbage classification has become a top priority in the lives of Shanghai citizens. There are many paragraphs circulating on the Internet to describe problems in the process of garbage classification.
Following Shanghai, on June 28, the Ministry of Housing and Urban -Rural Development announced that by the end of 2020, 46 key cities across the country tried it first, and the garbage classification treatment system should be basically built. Before 2025, the national prefecture -level and above cities should basically be built in waste.Classified processing system.This is a national project.
For garbage disposal itself, classification is a good thing.The garbage is divided into two types: recycling and non -recycling. The former, such as paper and plastic, can be recovered into new paper and plastic, which can reduce the use of trees and oil and improve the efficiency of resource utilization.In non -recyclable garbage, some are harmful, such as batteries and other heavy metals. Mixing into composting, heavy metals such as chromium are easily enriched in rice, which is harmful to the human body.The rest of the non -recycled garbage is generally used in stacking or incineration. These two methods, no matter which one needs to eliminate rot or humidity: easy to rotten garbage can easily produce odor, and biogas and garbage are prone to cause biogas and garbage after filling.Experience water will explode or pollute the soil; wet garbage will not burn inadequate when burning, generate harmful gases, and increase the cost of disposal.
Since the garbage classification is so useful, why is it so many spitting?Most of the current sections are concentrated in the standard of garbage classification. For example, wet diapers are wet, but dry garbage, and dried mushrooms are dry, but it is wet garbage;Shells, sugar cane skin, and corn leaves can be decomposed, but they are dry garbage.Taking the dry and wet garbage produced in life as an example, a complete peach and rice dumplings should be separated first, and the rice meat in the peach skin from the meat and the rice in the rice dumplings should be led to the wet garbage.The peach core and rice dumplings are dry garbage.
Although the standards of garbage classification are the most, these spit -up links can be dynamically adjusted. In the end, it should be able to balance the disposal of garbage clearance and in line with people's usual cognition.After the garbage is classified, although the cost of disposal is reduced, the cost of disposal is only part of the entire process of garbage treatment. The meticulous degree of garbage classification will at least directly affect the cost of family garbage classification. This cost may be the implementation of the garbage classification policy.The biggest obstacle.The biggest obstacle to garbage classification is not the formulation of classification standards, but in the classification itself.
First of all, the garbage classification that everyone is involved is a de -professional behavior.Even the simplest garbage classification is a highly professional thing. For example, it is divided into two types: recyclable and non -recyclable. Although the recyclable standards are defined in text, whether it can be recycled in the end depends on the waste recycling station and so on.Recycling enterprises and terminal resource utilization companies are also paper. Paper cannot be reused. Cardboards are available. The value of paper in different states in different regions and different periods is different. This information is continuously fluctuated.It seems that recyclable items may not be able to use the benefits it obtained in specific locations and periods.This information only requires a certain professionalism and the control of market dynamics.
In the past, recyclable garbage in big cities was recovered by scavengers and people who were visible everywhere and people collecting garbage.The empty plastic bottle will also consolidate the recyclable garbage payment to the family.This process is highly market -oriented, highly dense labor, and recycled garbage must be highly recyclable. Therefore, they have obtained income and support their families. This is a more effective market.
Now, for some reasons, people who have retired from low -income scavengers and other garbage collectors, recyclable garbage in garbage classification is almost another stove, basically abandoning the original participants.Of course, we cannot beautify the original scavenger. What they can solve may only be recyclable garbage. They have no interest in classification and disposal for non -recyclable garbage.Nevertheless, the main body of garbage classification is returned from professional and market -based scavengers to ordinary residents, street cadres and community volunteers with fixed salary, and they are not more professional than ordinary people.The quality of recycling garbage must be reduced.The incentive mechanism also determines that finance must make a lot of funds or put pressure on them in order to allow the system of garbage classification to operate.
The larger de -specialization is reflected in the residential end.Family garbage classification takes time and also requires attention. Although the classification of Shanghai currently implements more gaps than Japan, it will definitely have more time.The total amount of time to Shanghai is also very considerable. The total amount is 730 million hours each year. Based on the standard working hours, the loss time is equivalent to 360,000 full -time employees throughout the year.
China's policy practice rarely considers the time use of residential families (the National Bureau of Statistics and Peking University CFPS have related surveys). According to the survey by CFPS in 2010, adults living in cities and towns on working days (work work days (work work days (work work (work workThe time is greater than 0), the working time is 8.25 hours, the housework time is 1.07 hours, the personal hygiene time is 0.86 hours.The impact of this time on GDP and family happiness is not small.
A hidden premise of garbage classification on the execution of the residential end is that everyone's time cost and professionalism are similar, but the people in the city are highly heterogeneous.More than times, the range of working hours is also very large. More than 25%of the urban employees in the country are 10 hours or more. Their sleeping time is less than 7.3 hours, and the housework time is only 0.7 hours.The garbage classification of the end is not economical.The bigger the city, the more obvious the economy is.
Secondly, in addition to de -professional, the practice of some urban garbage classification in China also highlights the dilemma of social governance.Everyone is giving up garbage all the time. The time is uncertain, and the location is uncertain. As residents' income increases, there are more consumption, and there will be more garbage. Among them, there are many foods and domestic garbage generated due to waste.
For most people, there is no income for garbage classification, especially wet garbage, often packed in plastic bags. When throwing, first pour the wet part of the wet trash can, and then throw the plastic bag to dry to dry.In the process, it is difficult to avoid being stained in this process.Their motivation comes from two: 1. Moral pleasure and self -restraint; 2. The fear of punishment, obey the rules to avoid punishment.Assume that propaganda and education should be proper, and the quality of residents will be improved. I believe that most of the residents will have a strong sense of identity and willing to take the initiative to classify, but many cities across the country have implemented garbage classification for many years. Why is it very effective?
The difficulty of social governance is that most people will have the impulse to not comply with the rules at the time, and there will be a few people who have always ignored the rules and refuse to implement it.Once a few people or a few violate the rules, people who follow the rules will feel unfair, and then the entire policy collapses.This phenomenon is very obvious in the fields of red lights and throwing garbage.Twenty years in Shanghai, the urban area has basically reached garbage. This achievement relies on trash cans everywhere everywhere, which greatly improves the convenience of throwing garbage, coupled with the high tension of sanitation workers.At present, the vast majority of cities are not governed by garbage without landing. It can be seen that the consciousness of relying on moral pleasure is that there is no way to solve the problem of garbage classification.
Therefore, in the practice of ShanghaiThe driving force of family garbage classification is mainly derived from avoiding punishment.This means that the process of throwing garbage in the family must stare and throw the wrong punishment. Forcing the family to comply with the classification rules, limited people and fund budgets must be required to withdraw the barrels and put them regularly.Two barrels downstairs have become more than a dozen buildings to share four barrels, and there are only two periods that can be put in. The cost constraints have launched the freedom of losing garbage for residents.Some media have sorted out the practical experience of international garbage classification countries. The thinner the garbage score, the more limited the time of throwing the garbage. This is a way to force itself.Obviously, the government departments have a sober understanding of this, and consciously and unreliable. External supervision is the most important. Lu Yuexing, member of the Standing Committee of the Shanghai CPPCC and director of the Population, Resources and Environment Construction Committee, proposed that the general direction of regular designation cannot be changed. We must mobilize in social mobilization.Let all citizens a specific consciousness and habit of garbage classification.
In addition to the staff and volunteers of the community and the restrictions on the supervision of residents and the placement of garbage, the garbage clearance between the communities also restricts the community.EssenceThis means that a few families are not classified. If the community supervision is not in place, the overall community will be punished (not clear), which is almost equivalent to the mechanism of sitting.
Because there are always individuals who do not comply with rules in society, in order to prevent them from throwing garbage, they have designed supervision and enforcement mechanisms, so that everyone in the whole society bear the cost of being supervised together.There is a problem with the logic of design.
Developed by this logic, the roadside trash can near the residential area will be gradually removed, because regular fixed points of residential communities cannot meet their garbage distribution, there is no garbage tube on the side of the road.Do?Since ordinary people can't consciously, they can only monitor the probe and face face recognition.According to media reports, the cadres of the neighborhood committees of many districts and counties in Shanghai mentioned that they will install cameras in the garbage charter.
We further analyze the logic of this policy. It can be seen that Shanghai's garbage classification policy has formed a simple supervision and supervision relationship. You supervise and implement it are not the product of the unanimous consent of residents.In other words, the manpower and material resources that the superior government must continue to be put into supervision can maintain this system. The views quoted in Caixin's report to verify this.Otherwise, it is easy to retreat, and it cannot be stopped even after developing a category habit.This system is completely different from the previous mechanism of the scavenger as the subject of classification. The latter is a self -operated system. It can operate well without external pressure.
However, grassroots affairs are too many and too complicated. Many affairs depend on the majority of residents' consent. Only the majority of the consent can greatly reduce the cost of policy implementation, such as the collection and green transformation of property expenses.One policy, if most residents are unwilling and unwilling, and only rely on supervision and punishment to implement, this policy will be too serious to consume the authority of grass -roots institutions.As a result, the heavier the resentment of grass -roots residents, this resentment is directly tolerated by grass -roots institutions, which will reduce their ability to control other more critical issues, and then greatly reduce their ability to respond during crisis.
Looking back, we look at the Japanese garbage classification system. When it comes to garbage classification, some people will always mention Japan.It is generally believed that Japanese garbage classification is well done. The important reason is that the attachment of the Japanese. They almost make the garbage classification into a religion. From a child, they visited the garbage treatment plant.You can use this for your own nation and region.This may not have much to do with the classification of garbage.
Another very important factor is that the Japanese garbage disposal mechanism has a strong autonomy. If the garbage at the A is burned at B, it is difficult for people to have enthusiasm to categorize.Therefore, Japan's garbage treatment mechanism has the characteristics of local autonomy, and each region will have its own garbage treatment plant.In early 1970, after Japan began to implement garbage classification, the people in the Jiangdong region in Tokyo opposed the approach of the Tokyo government to concentrate the garbage in the bay incineration of Jiangdong District., Refuse to transfer garbage to other regions.Therefore, Japan's garbage classification, each region (even the street) has its own classification standards.In order to prevent the conflict between the government and the residents, Japan also has corresponding civil autonomous organizations to balance the interests of all parties. The residential autonomy will talk to the representative residents, government, and enterprises to explain policies and publicity and education below.
Nevertheless, the efficiency of Japanese garbage classification is not high. This is easy to understand. Except for the time cost of the family garbage classification mentioned earlier, too thin garbage classification leads to the total amount of each type of garbage in a community.There is no scale effect with storage. In the apartment and high -rise communities, in the area of the apartment and high -rise, the soil is gold. In their houses, a place must be divided into places to store garbage. The comfort of the family will decrease significantly.The most expensive in the city is logistics, rent and labor. The sum of these costs may be much higher than the cost of final garbage disposal.The principle of garbage treatment has led to a garbage treatment plant in each place in Tokyo earlier in the first place, which lacks scale effects and is not economical.
Is the garbage classification good?Of course it is good.Any public policy can find the reason for the reason for making, finding the reason is the simplest thing.However, the policy must be implemented. The reason for finding is only the first step. We still have to see how much it costs and how much time do this. ThereforeIt means that social costs are ignored, and this social governance will only bring more and greater trouble while solving one problem.
More importantly, China is still a transformed country. The scale of the flow population continues to be high. The grassroots institutions are facing too many challenges. When implementing policies that require grassroots implementation, decision makers need to consider in all policy needs. This one.Is it the most important thing? It is not worthwhile to do the energy of the grassroots institutions (even their authority) to do this.Efficiency can also hurt the efforts and impulses of doing good deeds in places and grassroots.The people's livelihood policy should draw more policy needs from below, and push the boat smoothly. Only then can we avoid excessive social costs.
