SINGAPORE – As Singaporeans prepare to head to the polls this Friday to elect their ninth president, the campaigning has so far tested the narrow confines of the presidential office — underscoring simmering disenchantment at the status quo.
A largely ceremonial role with a six-year tenure, the Singapore presidency is conferred limited powers. One of its key roles is to guard the wealthy Southeast Asian city-state's reserves, which remain a state secret.
Observers say some Singaporeans seem to believe the president's custodial powers over the reserves allows the person to weigh more muscularly on fiscal and monetary policy decisions.
Other issues underscored on the campaign trail so far include underlying unhappiness about the high cost of living, unaffordable public housing and debate about heightened competition for jobs with foreigners. A lack of accountability among lawmakers also came to the fore as Singapore's reputation for incorruptibility was .
"The contest that has developed so far reflects the competing and even conflicting visions of the presidency," said , an associate professor of law at the Singapore Management University who is a former parliamentarian.
"It has taken on a partisan bent especially for Tan Kin Lian who has staked for himself as the standard bearer for anti-establishment sentiments."
Tan Kin Lian, the former chief executive of local insurer NTUC Income, is again running for president more than a decade after garnering the lowest number of votes of four candidates at the 2011 presidential election.
Two of his rivals from his first presidential bid are now leaders of opposition parties, and have declared their support for the 75-year-old after he came .
Tan is joined on the ballot by Ng Kok Song, 75, the former chief investment officer of Singapore's sovereign wealth fund — who famously introduced the late Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore's founding prime minister, to the benefits of meditation.
The third presidential candidate is , 66, who was once deputy prime minister, finance minister, central bank chairman and .
Much of the discourse on the campaign trail that started Aug. 22 centered around the candidates' real capacity for independent and non-partisan decision-making.
The support of two of his former rivals though have undercut Tan's claims of political independence in a bid to distinguish himself — though he was once an active volunteer with a local chapter of the ruling People's Action Party.
"There appears to be a growing trend of Singaporeans wanting a more outspoken President that will publicly question the government's stances and policies from a position of neutrality and authority," Nydia Ngiow, managing director at BowerGroupAsia, told CNBC in an email.
"While this suggests that the desire for the President to force the government to provide more accountability is rooted in the belief that such a counterbalance of power would be good for society as a whole, there is also concern that this further contributes to the 'us against them' mentality which politicizes the role and adds a partisan element more typically tied to general elections," she added.
Ng and Shanmugaratnam have touted their experience and expertise in qualifying them to expertly guard the country's past reserves, in consultation with a council of advisors.
"Everyone knows from my background ... that I understand the system very well," Shanmugaratnam . "I will work with respect with the [Council of Presidential Advisors]. But, as you know, no one in the bureaucracy or anywhere else can fool me on any matter to do with government finances."
The full scale of Singapore's reserves is not publicly available, though public information of some institutions charged with investing its reserves offer a glimpse into its real size.
State investor Temasek, for instance, reported a at the end of March.
The Monetary Authority of Singapore a total of S$191 billion to sovereign wealth fund GIC for management, and has S$441 billion of official reserves under its management end-May even after this transfer.
Singapore's presidency has been directly elected only since 1993, after the late Lee Kuan Yew proposed a constitutional amendment to guard against unfettered access to the government's reserves if a "freak election result" ousted the longstanding People's Action Party from power.
Still, this election would only mark the third time the presidency is contested.
This is largely due to that require, among other criteria, candidates to have served at least three years as a government minister, senior public servant or chief executive of a government statutory board.
Candidates from the private sector would need to have served as the most senior executive of a company with an average of S$500 million in shareholders' equity and the firm must have been profitable for the three preceding years.
Local independent news outlet Jom that only 0.044% of Singaporean adults qualify to run as Singapore president.
The incumbent — a practicing Muslim and a former Speaker of Parliament — became Singapore's first female president without a contest in 2017.
The presidential office was reserved for members of the Malay community that year to ensure representation from among Singapore's official four main races — if that community had not been represented for five presidential terms.
"Whoever wins, Singapore's Presidential Election is destined to disappoint," Kevin Tan, an academic affiliated with the National University of Singapore and Cherian George, a professor at Hong Kong Baptist University's School of Communication, .
"This has little to do with the quality of the men who want to run, and everything to do with the lack of consensus about the rules of the race and the nature of the prize," they added. "Many Singaporeans are unhappy that the field is so tightly managed by the establishment, undermining the Presidency's potential as an independent check on Government."
If Shanmugaratnam wins Friday's vote, he would represent a fifth-straight candidate seen as the establishment choice who's been directly elected president.
This frustration is manifest in urging Singaporeans to spoil their votes at this presidential election.
"The appeal of vote-spoiling is two-fold: firstly, that voters may feel that no candidate appropriately represents their political interest and secondly, that voters may feel that the entirety of the electoral process is undemocratic and are spoiling their votes in protest," said BowerGroupAsia's Ngiow.
At the last contested presidential election in 2011, the establishment candidate Tony Tan only won by a 0.35% margin in a four-man race. Invalid votes accounted for 1.76% of all votes cast.
"The social media campaign indicates that Singaporean voters are increasingly beginning to tap into more nuanced forms of voter expression, signaling the electorate's growing maturity as well as frustration that parties should heed ahead of the next general election," she said.
